Hart Furniture Co. v. Commissioner

Hart Furniture Co., Inc., Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent Hart Furniture Co. v. Commissioner Docket No. 19652 United States Tax Court 12 T.C. 1103; 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 157; June 21, 1949, Promulgated *157 Decision will be entered under Rule 50. 1. Petitioner maintained its own books and those of other corporations operated by the same family. In attempting to balance the intercompany accounts existing between it and one other corporation, it discovered that they were out of balance in the amount of $ 400. Petitioner has sought to claim the amount as a deduction. Held, under the facts, petitioner is not entitled to a deduction therefor under any subdivision of section 23, I. R. C. 2. Through error, petitioner failed to claim a 90 per cent credit to which it was entitled in paying in 1945 its excise tax under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act for the previous year, as a result of which it overpaid that tax. Petitioner deducted the full amount, including the overpayment. In 1946, pursuant to its claim, the overpayment was refunded. Held, petitioner is entitled to a deduction only to the extent of its actual and apparent liability for such excise tax. Cooperstown Corporation, 144 Fed. (2d) 693; certiorari denied, 323 U.S. 772. 3. Held, following J. L. Goodman Furniture Co., 11 T. C. 530,*158 petitioner is not entitled to include in its equity invested capital as accumulated earnings and profits, its uncollected profits at the beginning of each year involved, resulting from installment sales made in previous years, notwithstanding its election under section 736(a), I. R. C., to have its income for excess profits tax purposes computed on accrual basis. Gerald R. Hart, Esq., for the petitioner. Edward L. Potter, Esq., for the respondent. Kern, Judge. KERN *1104 Respondent determined deficiencies in declared value excess profits tax and excess profits tax for the fiscal years ended March 31, 1944 and 1945, as follows: Declared Excess Year value excess profits tax profits tax [1944] $ 152.57 $ 6,403.97 [1945] 50.90 2,030.62 Three issues are presented: (1) Whether petitioner is entitled to a deduction of $ 400 for the taxable year ended March 31, 1944, claimed on its return as a miscellaneous item, but now contended to be deductible as a bad debt, which resulted from the unexplained imbalance of intercompany accounts, petitioner having charged this against its former bookkeeper, who was entrusted with the task of maintaining the books of account; (2) Whether petitioner can deduct for the fiscal*160 year ended March 31, 1945, the whole of the sum of $ 856.99 erroneously paid through its own clerical error as excise tax under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, overpayment in the amount of $ 766.54 having been refunded to it in 1946; (3) Whether, in computing its excess profits tax credit, petitioner, which filed its income tax returns on the installment basis and which elected, as it could, to compute its excess profits net income on the accrual basis, may include as accumulated earnings and profits at the beginning of the fiscal years ended March 31, 1944 and 1945, its *1105 uncollected profits at the beginning of those years resulting from installment sales made in previous years. FINDINGS OF FACT. Petitioner, a Florida corporation, with its principal place of business in Jacksonville, filed its tax returns for the fiscal years involved with the collector at Jacksonville. It kept its books and filed its declared value and excess profits tax returns on the installment basis. Its excess profits tax returns were prepared in accordance with the method sanctioned by section 736 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code, pursuant to its election. During the years involved, petitioner*161 engaged in the retail furniture business in Jacksonville, selling its merchandise generally on the installment plan. Its capital stock was held by the Hart family, which family also owned other stores in Georgia and Florida, each of which was operated as a separate corporation. Running accounts were kept between the various stores, and the books of each were maintained by a bookkeeper in petitioner's employ, for which a charge was made by petitioner to the other stores. On March 17, 1944, when petitioner sought to balance the intercompany accounts maintained between it and the corporation which operated a store at Palatka, Florida, it discovered that the accounts were out of balance in the sum of $ 400. Petitioner's books revealed that the Palatka store owed $ 400 more than that reflected on the books of the Palatka store. Petitioner's former bookkeeper was thereupon requested to ascertain the source of the difference, and was notified that she would be charged with the amount if she could not explain it. She failed to make any attempt to locate this apparent discrepancy, denied any liability on her own part, and maintained that it was bound to be an error. Because of lack of*162 clerical employees and because the amount involved was too small to warrant any intensive checking, petitioner made no effort to locate the source or reason for the imbalance, nor to establish personal liability against the bookkeeper other than a charge made against her on petitioner's books on March 17, 1944. On March 31, 1944, this amount was charged off as "uncollectible." On its income tax return, petitioner claimed this amount of $ 400 as a deduction, including it under the designation "Other Miscellaneous Items." It now claims that this sum is deductible as a bad debt. In January 1945 petitioner filed its annual return of excise tax under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act for the calendar year 1944. On the return, it indicated that the amount of tax due was $ 856.99, which petitioner thereupon paid. On its tax returns for the fiscal year *1106 1945, petitioner claimed a deduction in the total amount. In the notice of deficiency, respondent allowed a deduction only in the amount of $ 85.70. Through error, petitioner failed to avail itself of a credit, later claimed by it to be available in the amount of $ 771.29, to which it was entitled by virtue of contributions paid*163 in to its state fund. Upon discovery of its error in January 1946, petitioner filed an amended excise tax return, and claimed a refund of overpayment of $ 771.29. In 1946 it received a refund of $ 766.54, representing overpayment of the excise tax. Although the reason for the difference in the amount of the claimed overpayment, $ 771.29, and the amount of the refund, $ 766.54, is unexplained, respondent has conceded that only the amount actually refunded should be disallowed as a deduction. When petitioner filed its corporation excess profits tax returns for the fiscal years ended March 31, 1944 and 1945, respectively, it elected to take advantage of the relief provision provided under section 736 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code. For each year petitioner included in surplus, unrealized profits from installment sales in prior years. The amounts so included were $ 13,292.91 and $ 15,190.98 for the fiscal years ended March 31, 1944 and 1945, respectively. Respondent eliminated those respective amounts from petitioner's equity invested capital in computing its excess profits credit based on invested capital. OPINION. (1) Petitioner recognizes that the first issue "involves entirely*164 a question of fact * * *." Unfortunately for petitioner, it has not presented sufficient facts to warrant our overturning respondent's determination. Petitioner urges, upon brief, that the deduction should be allowed as a bad debt. Petitioner's theory is that its former bookkeeper could not explain the discrepancy, that she was then "charged" by it with the liability, and that she could not pay the claim. The facts are that neither the bookkeeper nor petitioner made any investigation whatsoever to discover the reason for the imbalance. If a bookkeeping error was made, there is no evidence as to what the error was, and no evidence that it was made in the taxable year. There was no effort by petitioner to determine whether the former bookkeeper was liable and, further, no adequate determination, assuming her liability, of her inability to pay. It is at once apparent that petitioner can not be allowed the $ 400 as a bad debt deduction. As to deduction under some other subdivision of section 23 of the Internal Revenue Code, we need observe only that deductions are a *1107 matter of legislative grace, and the taxpayer must point to, and prove his right to deduction under, some*165 provision of the statute. New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435. This, petitioner has failed to do. In general, a charge-off to balance books is not sufficient in and of itself to entitle a taxpayer to a loss deduction. See Albert Nelson, 6 T. C. 764, 772; Columbia Envelope Co., 21 B. T. A. 1270; Union Savings Bank, 10 B. T. A. 1175. Nothing in the instant case indicates that the transaction, in reality, amounted to anything more. (2) Under sections 1600 and 1601 of the Internal Revenue Code, every employer of eight or more employees is required to pay a Federal excise tax of 3 per cent of total wages, less a permissible credit for contributions paid in to approved state funds, limited, however, to 90 per cent of the tax otherwise due. 1 Deduction for the excise tax is allowable under section 23 of the code. Mim. 5319, C. B. 1942-1, pp. 60, 62. See section 111 of the Revenue Act of 1943, amending section 23 (c) (1) of the code. See also section 101 of the Revenue Act of 1943. *166 Not through design, but through error, petitioner, upon filing its excise tax return, failed to avail itself of the credit to which it was then entitled, all conditions thereto presumably having been met. As a result, its ultimate Federal excise tax liability was erroneously overstated by about 90 per cent and, upon claim by petitioner, this erroneous overpayment was ultimately refunded to it in 1946. Petitioner contends that, since it actually did pay out $ 856.99 in order to meet its supposed excise tax liability, though conceding the amount was erroneous, it should be permitted to deduct that amount. Respondent, on the other hand, argues that petitioner's deduction should be limited to the amount of its definitely ascertainable actual excise tax liability, i. e,. the difference between $ 856.99 and $ 766.54, the amount ultimately refunded to petitioner. In our judgment, respondent's conclusion must be upheld. We believe the disposition of this issue in respondent's favor is compelled by Cooperstown Corporation v. Commissioner, 144 Fed. (2d) 693; certiorari denied, 323 U.S. 772. It was there stated that a deduction*167 for a tax payment, for which indisputably no liability existed, was not warranted, and that it was within the Commissioner's power to disallow *1108 the deduction for a payment for which there was no legal liability resting upon the taxpayer. The Court further observed that there is a necessity that the taxpayer be under actual or apparent obligation for the payment at the time it is made in order for it to be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expense. Cf. Baltimore Transfer Co., 8 T. C. 1; Bartlett v. Delaney, 173 Fed. (2d) 535. In the Baltimore Transfer Co. case we pointed out, in distinguishing it from the Cooperstown Corporation case, that there was a "practical compulsion and prima facie validity" attaching to the tax erroneously accrued by the taxpayer which a business man might properly attribute to an administrative ruling given by a state board as to the rate of contribution to a state unemployment compensation fund. In the Bartlett case, the payment of the tax, later refunded, was made pursuant to a determination of the Commissioner, and Chief Judge Magruder, writing *168 the opinion on behalf of the First Circuit, recognized "that the Cooperstown case is narrowly distinguishable on its facts." The instant case, in our opinion, can not be distinguished from the Cooperstown Corporation case. Here, no obligation existed, or reasonably appeared to exist, for petitioner's payment of that part of the excise tax disallowed as a deduction by respondent and later refunded. The overpayment of this tax, for which no actual or apparent liability existed and which was made only because of petitioner's own error, can not be considered as an ordinary and necessary business expense, deductible under section 23(a); and it is obviously not deductible under section 23(c), because of the provisions of section 23 (c) (1) (F) as added to the Internal Revenue Code by section 111 of Revenue Act of 1943. In the latter respect it differs from Estate of Aaron Lowenstein, 12 T. C. 694, where the deduction was claimed under section 23(c) as taxes paid. See also Lillian Bacon Glassell, 12 T. C. 232. Respondent's determination, as modified by his concession upon brief, is upheld. (3) The narrow question arising*169 under the third issue is whether the unrealized profits on installment sales may be included by petitioner in invested capital under section 718 (a) (4) of the code for the purpose of determining its excess profits credit computed upon the invested capital basis. Petitioner exercised its right of election under section 736 of the code. The precise issue has been before this Court on previous occasions, and each time we have held against the position now urged by petitioner. Kimbrell's Home Furnishings, Inc., 7 T. C. 339; reversed, 159 Fed. (2d) 608; J. L. Goodman Furniture Co., 11 T. C. 530. Cf. South Texas Lumber Co., 7 T. C. 669; reversed, 162 Fed. (2d) 866; the Supreme Court ultimately affirmed the Tax Court, in Commissioner v. South Texas Lumber Co., 333 U.S. 496. *1109 Petitioner urges that we follow the Fourth Circuit's reversal of our Kimbrell decision. This, we expressly refused to do in the Goodman case, supra; and, as in that case, we still continue to follow the views expressed*170 by us in our Kimbrell decision. Decision will be entered under Rule 50. Footnotes 1. The purpose of the credit was to place "the states upon a footing of equal opportunity." By a state's compliance with the terms of the Federal statute, the "tax will be abated upon the doing of an act that will satisfy the fiscal need, the tax and the alternative being approximate equivalents." Steward Machine Co. v. Davis, 301 U.S. 548. See also People v. Chicago Waste & Textile Co., 391 Ill. 29, 62 N. E. (2d) 537; affirmed sub nom. Illinois v. Campbell, 328 U.S. 362; and Illinois v. United States, 329 U.S. 362. Cf. Massachusetts v. United States, 333 U.S. 611. Justice Jackson, dissenting in Massachusetts v. United States, supra, at 637, observed: "The 90% was never contemplated as federal revenue, but credit for that amount was intended to be availed of, to induce states to create unemployment compensation funds and to maintain them in solvent condition."↩