Lincoln Electric Co. Employees' Profit-Sharing Trust v. Commissioner

The Lincoln Electric Company Employees' Profit-Sharing Trust, the Cleveland Trust Company, Trustee, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent Lincoln Electric Co. Employees' Profit-Sharing Trust v. Commissioner Docket No. 19262 United States Tax Court 14 T.C. 598; 1950 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 226; April 17, 1950, Promulgated *226 Decision will be entered for the respondent. In December, 1941, the Lincoln Electric Co., pursuant to a resolution of its board of directors, established a trust for the benefit of 890 of its employees, which included most of its employees, and paid $ 1,000,000 to a trustee for the purposes of the trust. There was no provision for any future contributions to the trust and no formula for the sharing of any future profits and no further contribution was made. The trust was to continue for a term of 10 years, unless distribution of all the share interests pursuant to its terms had been fully completed prior thereto. Held, (1) the trust was not an exempt trust within the purview of section 165 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code as interpreted by Treasury Regulations 111, section 29.165-1, and (2) the trust indenture created a single trust and not a separate trust for each of the persons named as a beneficiary in the trust instrument. Thomas V. Koykka, Esq., for the petitioner. William R. Bagby, Esq., for the respondent. Black, Judge. Disney, J., dissenting. Arundell and Van Fossan, JJ., agree with this dissent. BLACK *599 The respondent determined a deficiency in petitioner's income tax for the taxable year ended December 31, 1944, in the amount of $ 6,284.25. The deficiency is due to certain adjustments made by respondent to the net income reported by petitioner on its fiduciary return. These adjustments *228 were explained in the deficiency notice as follows: Net income before distribution to beneficiaries as disclosed by return $ 17,333.20 Non-taxable income and additional deductions: (a) Additional expenses allowed 22.34 Balance $ 17,310.86 (b) Income distributed to beneficiaries 70.77 Net income adjusted $ 17,240.09 The foregoing adjustments were explained in the deficiency notice as follows: (a) An additional deduction for expenses in the amount of $ 22.34 has been allowed. (b) The net income distributed to beneficiaries has been decreased from $ 9,147.01 to $ 70.77, which adjustment increases your net income in the amount of $ 9,076.24. It has been determined that the undistributed net income of this trust in the amount of $ 17,240.09 is subject to tax under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. It has also been determined that the employees trust agreement creating this trust provided for the establishment of only one trust. Accordingly, credit in the amount of $ 100.00 has been allowed under the provisions of section 163 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code. In contest of these adjustments petitioner assigned errors as follows: (a) The Commissioner erred*229 in refusing to hold the trust exempt from tax under Internal Revenue Code Section 165 (a). (b) The Commissioner erred in refusing to hold that the trust indenture creates, not one trust, but a series of 890 separate trusts. The parties stipulated that if it be determined that the trust is exempt under the provisions of section 165 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code, or, if it be determined that the trust indenture created a separate trust for each of the persons named as a beneficiary under the trust indenture, then, in either case, there is no deficiency in tax; but *600 if it be determined that said trust is not exempt under the statute and that it created a single trust, then there is a deficiency in tax as set forth in the deficiency notice. FINDINGS OF FACT. The facts which were stipulated are so found. Petitioner is the Lincoln Electric Co. Employees' Profit-Sharing Trust, the Cleveland Trust Co., trustee. The trustee is a corporation organized under the laws of Ohio, having its principal office in Cleveland, Ohio. The return for the period here involved was filed with the collector for the eighteenth district of Ohio. Petitioner's books are kept and its returns prepared*230 on an accrual basis of accounting. The Lincoln Electric Co., hereinafter sometimes referred to as the company, is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Ohio. At a meeting of the board of directors of the company held on December 18, 1941, a resolution was passed creating a bonus and profit-sharing plan, hereinafter sometimes called the plan, for the benefit of certain of its employees. This resolution reads: 1. That it was through the efficiency, loyal conscientious effort and unusual cooperation and ability of the employees and executives included in the Plan described hereinafter that the remarkable increase in production was accomplished, with only a small increase in plant capacity and number of employees, the selling prices of the Company's products were actually materially decreased in the face of generally rising costs, and the sales of the Company were greatly increased with resulting increased profits; and 2. That the Company should share a portion of its profits with certain of the officers and employees whom the Board believes are entitled to additional compensation on account of the value of services rendered; and 3. That to promote the conservation*231 of this additional compensation by the employees the funds should be set aside in a trust for future distribution; and 4. That such a plan will safeguard the future of the employees and become a more permanent benefit to them than if it were distributed at the present time as it will assist in providing financial security in time or times of adversity which may come upon them in the future; and 5. That such plan will assist in the effort of the government of the United States to curb the inflationary effect of an increased consumer purchasing power in the face of restricted supplies of consumer goods; and 6. That the investment of funds of the Plan in governmental bonds or obligations will assist in financing the rearmament and National Defense program of the United States. Consequently, on motion duly made and seconded, the following resolution was unanimously adopted: Resolved, that There is hereby created a bonus and profit sharing plan (herein called "the Plan") for the benefit of the following persons * * *. On December 31, 1941, the company and the trustee, in accordance with the above resolution, executed a trust agreement for the benefit *601 of all persons who were in*232 the regular employ of the company on December 31, 1941, including those then on leave of absence in military service who had been in the employ for part of the time between January 6 and December 5, 1941, and excluded only salesmen and the company's president, J. F. Lincoln, and its treasurer, J. C. Lincoln. The persons named in the trust indenture as beneficiaries numbered 890. Pursuant to the trust indenture, the sum of $ 1,000,000 was on December 31, 1941, paid by the company to the trustee for the uses and purposes of the trust. Paragraph 9 of the trust indenture provided that "The Trust Estate shall be held for the benefit of the Beneficiaries in the proportions indicated by the fractions set opposite their respective names in Exhibit B of said resolutions." Exhibit B of the resolution reads in part as follows: The names of the persons and the fractions referred to in the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Directors of The Lincoln Electric Company held at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 18th day of December, 1941, to which minutes this exhibit is attached and of which it is made part: Name of Persons Fraction 1. Adams, Albert J. .133247% Then follows the names of *233 889 other employees with similar designated fractions of varying amounts. The fraction set opposite each name represented the ratio of the total cash compensation received by the beneficiary from the company from January 6 to December 5, 1941, to the total cash compensation received by all of the beneficiaries from the company for the same period. The share of each beneficiary could be neither increased nor decreased, except for additional income earned and deductions of trustee's fees and expenses referable thereto. The trust agreement provided for an advisory committee, hereinafter referred to as the committee, for the purpose of administering the plan. This committee was composed of three individuals, who were named and designated. They were J. F. Lincoln, president of the company, and Harold Kneen and Albert Voll, employees of the company. In the event of their inability to serve, successors were to be selected by the company's directors. It was provided that at least two of the members of the committee were required to be beneficiaries. The trust advisory committee was expressly "obligated to carry out the Plan" set forth in the trust indenture. The trustee was empowered, *234 with the approval of the committee, to invest and reinvest the trust estate in any securities or real estate, but in no event should any of the trust assets be invested or reinvested in any shares of stock or obligations of the company or any subsidiary thereof. All of the funds delivered to the trustee pursuant to the trust indenture have at all times been invested in United States Government bonds. *602 The trust instrument provided that "In no case shall any part of the Trust Estate revert to the Company or be paid directly or indirectly to or for the benefit of the Company," and, further, that "This agreement is made without the right of revocation or recall and it is also made without the right to modify or amend the same in any respect whatsoever." The trust indenture required distribution of every share not later than December 31, 1951, that is, 10 years after its execution, but provided that the share of any beneficiaries could be distributed prior thereto upon the direction of the committee. The distribution, whether made on December 31, 1951, or prior thereto, was required to be made to or for the benefit of the specific beneficiary named, if living, or his estate, *235 spouse or children, if the specific beneficiary named were not living. The trust indenture provided in part as follows: 11. It at any time the Committee shall have filed with the Trustee a written instrument setting forth the name of any Beneficiary and (a) (if such Beneficiary be living at such time) instructing the Trustee to set aside all of such Beneficiary's share and dispose of such share, upon certain terms and conditions set forth in such instrument, to or for the benefit of such Beneficiary, with provisions whereby in case of his or her decease before such disposition shall have been completed the balance shall be disposed of, upon certain terms and conditions set forth in such instrument, to or for the benefit of some one or more or all of the following persons named in such instrument, to wit, the spouse of such Beneficiary, the children of such Beneficiary, and the executor or administrator of such Beneficiary, or (b) (if such Beneficiary be not living at such time) instructing the Trustee to set aside all of such Beneficiary's share and dispose of such share, upon certain terms and conditions set forth in such instrument, to or for the benefit of some one or more *236 or all of the following persons named in such instrument, to wit, the spouse of such Beneficiary, the children of such Beneficiary, and the executor or administrator of such Beneficiary, then, in either such case, the Trustee shall thereupon set aside such share and shall thereupon or thereafter dispose of the same in accordance with such instructions. * * * The Committee shall have full power and authority to instruct the Trustee respecting the disposition of such share to or for the benefit of the person or persons so named in such instrument, including, but without limiting the generality hereof, power and authority to instruct the Trustee to invest and reinvest in any manner referred to in such instrument such share or any part thereof to be retained by the Trustee, and power and authority to restrict or prohibit or to require the Trustee to restrict or prohibit any person or persons from alienating, commuting, anticipating or encumbering or suffering the alienation, commutation, anticipation or encumbrance of any right, title or interest in or to (a) any income or principal of any part of such share or part thereof to be retained and disposed of by the Trustee, and/or (b) any*237 income or principal of any proceeds or avails of any annuity contract which it may purchase pursuant to such instructions. *603 12. In case the disposition of the Trust Estate shall not have been completely provided for under the provisions of the next preceding paragraph before the thirty-first day of December, 1951, then on said date the Committee shall file with the Trustee written instruments setting forth the names of the Beneficiaries whose shares shall not have been segregated as provided for under the provisions of such paragraph and instructing the Trustee to segregate and dispose of such shares, such instructions to be limited in the same manner in all respects as provided in such paragraph as to the instructions provided to be filed under such paragraph. * * * * 14. The Trustee shall have power and authority with the written approval of the Committee, to make any division or distribution of the Trust Estate required under the provisions of this instrument, in cash or in kind, or partly in cash and partly in kind, according to the discretion of the Trustee and the Committee, any division or distribution in kind to be at such valuations as the Trustee may establish therefor*238 with the written approval of the Committee. Any determination made as herein provided shall be final and conclusive upon all persons whomsoever. From time to time, pursuant to the provisions of the trust indenture, shares of the persons included in the list of 890 beneficiaries have been paid by the trustee. Prior to 1944 the shares of 5 beneficiaries and during 1944 the shares of 6 beneficiaries were distributed. In each case payment was made in cash transmitted to the person named in the trust indenture as a beneficiary or in case of his death was made to his estate or his widow, pursuant to instructions of the committee in the trust indenture. The number of beneficiaries remaining under the trust indenture was 885 on January 1, 1944, and 879 on December 31, 1944. In response to inquiry by the trustee, respondent on May 25, 1945, ruled that the trust indenture does not meet the requirements of Internal Revenue Code section 165 (a). His ruling and stated reasons therefor were as follows: In re: The Lincoln Electric Company Employees' Profit-Sharing Trust dated December 31, 1941 Gentlemen: Reference is made to your letter dated March 24, 1944, submitting a copy of the above-designated*239 trust indenture, together with related data, and requesting rulings as to whether the trust is tax exempt for 1941, under the provisions of the Revenue Act then in effect, and for 1942 and 1943, under the law in effect during those years, and if the trust is tax exempt, as to whether distributions to participants or beneficiaries are subject to withholding tax or are to be regarded as capital gains if paid within one taxable year, or as annuities, if paid in installments. The plan, as evidenced by the data submitted, has been considered and this office is of the opinion that the plan does not meet the requirements of section 165 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code, for 1941, for the reasons designated (a) and (b), set forth below; that it does not meet the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, for 1942, for the reasons designated (a), *604 (b) and (c); and that it does not meet such requirements for 1943 for all of the following reasons: (a) The plan is not a permanent program, within the purview of section 29.165-1 of Regulations 111 (section 19.165-1 of Regulations 103, as amended by T. D. 4973, 1940-1 C. B. 65), in that*240 it provides for a single contribution with ultimate segregation and disposition at the end of a ten-year period. (b) The plan is not a definite program in that it fails to provide for a definite formula for determining the profits of the employer to be shared. See I. T. 3661, 1944-I. R. B. No. 10, page 13 (section 19.165-1 of Regulations 103, as amended by T. D. 4973, with respect to a "definite program"). (c) The plan is not for the exclusive benefit of employees or their beneficiaries in that beneficiaries of the participants are restricted to the spouse, children, and executor or administrator of the participant (Article 11 (a) and (b)). Section 29.165-1 of Regulations 111 provides in part, "The term 'beneficiaries' of an employee within the meaning of section 165 includes the estate of the employee, dependents of the employee, persons who are the natural objects of the employee's bounty, and any persons designated by the employee to share the benefit of the plan after the death of the employee." (Underscoring supplied). (d) The segregation of the trust assets and the disposition thereof in the sole discretion of the Advisory Committee*241 make possible discrimination in favor of employees within the enumerations with respect to which discrimination is prohibited. (Article 10 of the trust indenture.) (e) The distribution of the trust funds on such terms and conditions, and at the time set by the Advisory Committee makes possible discrimination in favor of employees who are officers, shareholders, persons whose principal duties consist in supervising the work of other employees or who are highly compensated (Article 11 and 12.) Since the profit-sharing plan of The Lincoln Electric Company does not meet the requirements of section 165 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code, for 1941 and of such section, as amended by section 162 (a) of the Revenue Act of 1942, for 1942 and 1943, the trust which is a part thereof is not entitled to exemption under that section. Since the trust is not exempt, answers to your third question are not pertinent. OPINION. The principal question for decision herein is whether the Lincoln Electric Company Employees' Profit-Sharing Trust was an exempt trust within the meaning of section 165 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code. 1Section 165 (a) requires that the trust, in order to be exempt, must be*242 for the purpose of "forming part of a stock bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plan." *243 *605 Petitioner contends that the trust complies with the requirements of section 165 (a). It argues that it was the intent of Congress to include as a "plan" within the meaning of section 165 (a) every type of arrangement under which receipt by the employee of the sum paid is deferred. Respondent, on the other hand, contends, for the reasons stated in his letter to petitioner of May 25, 1945, that the trust was not exempt, as it was not part of a true "profit-sharing plan" within the meaning of the statute. It will be noted that the statute in question deals with "A trust forming part of a stock bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plan." It is clear that the employees' trust here involved is not part of any stock bonus plan, nor is it a part of any pension plan. Petitioner does not so contend, but it does contend that the purpose of the trust was to carry out a profit-sharing plan of the Lincoln Electric Co. with the greater part of its employees, which constituted considerably more than 70 per cent thereof, and that therefore it is exempt under section 165 (a). We agree with petitioner that the evidence shows that the purpose of the creation of the trust was to provide for*244 the ultimate disposition without discrimination of $ 1,000,000 of its 1941 profits to 890 of its employees, or, in case of their death, to certain beneficiaries of these employees. The question is whether such plan is one which comes within the exemption provisions of section 165 (a). In Lincoln Electric Co., 6 T. C. 37, one of the issues which we had before us was whether in the year 1941 the company was entitled to deduct the sum of $ 1,000,000 paid to the Cleveland Trust Co., as trustee, under a trust for the benefit of certain employees, either as additional compensation for services actually rendered or as ordinary and necessary business expenses. The $ 1,000,000 there involved made up the corpus of the trust which we now have before us. We held in Lincoln Electric Co., supra, that the $ 1,000,000 was not deductible by *606 the taxpayer as an ordinary and necessary business expense under the provisions of section 23 (a) (1) (A). The taxpayer in that case made no claim that the $ 1,000,000 contributed to the trust was deductible under the provisions of section 23 (p) of the code dealing with pension trusts. *245 The year there involved was the year 1941, which was prior to the amendments included in the 1942 Act which are here applicable. The Sixth Circuit reversed our decision in the Lincoln Electric Co. case, supra, and held that the $ 1,000,000 in question was an ordinary and necessary business expense. See Lincoln Electric Co. v. Commissioner, 162 Fed. (2d) 379. But the Lincoln Electric Company Employees' Profit-Sharing Trust, the petitioner in the instant case, was not before us in Lincoln Electric Co., and neither in our decision nor in the decision of the Sixth Circuit was its exempt status as a taxpayer under section 165 (a) ruled upon. Therefore, we do not consider our own decision or the decision of the Sixth Circuit in the Lincoln Electric Co. case as having any controlling effect upon the issue which we have here to decide. A taxpayer claiming exemption must bring himself within the precise terms of the statutory provision granting the exemption. New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435; Deputy v. Du Pont, 308 U.S. 488. The question before us is *246 an interpretation of the expression "profit-sharing plan." Section 165 (a) does not define the meaning of "profit-sharing plan." However, Regulations 111, section 29.165-1, states, in part, as follows: Sec. 29.165-1. Employees' Trusts. -- (a) In General. -- In order that a trust may be exempt under section 165 (a) it must be part of a stock bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plan of an employer for the exclusive benefit of his employees or their beneficiaries. The trust must be formed and availed of solely to aid in the proper execution of a plan which is a definite written program and arrangement communicated to the employees, solely designed and applied to enable such employees or their beneficiaries to share in the capital or profits of such employer's trade or business or to provide for the livelihood of such employees or their beneficiaries after the retirement of such employees. * * * A profit-sharing plan, on the one hand, is a plan established and maintained by an employer to provide for the participation in his profits, by his employees or their beneficiaries, based on a definite predetermined formula for determining the profits to be shared and a definite predetermined*247 formula for distributing the funds accumulated under the plan after a fixed number of years, the attainment of a stated age, or upon the prior occurrence of some event such as illness, disability, retirement, death or severance of employment. * * * The term "plan" implies a permanent as distinguished from a temporary program. While the employer may reserve the right to change or terminate the plan, and to discontinue contributions thereunder, if the plan is abandoned for any cause other than business necessity within a few years after it has taken effect, this will be evidence that the plan from its inception was not a bona fide program for the exclusive benefit of employees in general. * * * The permanency of the plan will be indicated by all of the surrounding facts and circumstances, *607 including the likelihood of the employer's ability to continue contributions as provided under the plan. * * * [Emphasis supplied.] This regulation constitutes a contemporaneous construction of the act by those charged with its administration and for that reason is entitled to consideration and will not be overruled unless inconsistent with the law and inappropriate to accomplish*248 the purpose of Congress. See Brewster v. Gage, 280 U.S. 327; Fawcus Machine Co. v. United States, 282 U.S. 375; Augustus v. Commissioner, 118 Fed. (2d) 38; certiorari denied, 313 U.S. 585. In Augustus v. Commissioner, the court said: * * * The first administrative interpretation of a provision as it appears in a new act often expresses the general understanding of the times or the actual understanding of those who played an important part when the statute was drafted. So far as we can see, the above regulation is reasonable and a fair interpretation of the expression "profit-sharing plan." Was the employees' profit-sharing trust herein a "profit-sharing plan" within the meaning of the statute and regulations? The record discloses that in December, 1941, the company established a trust for the benefit of 890 of its employees and paid $ 1,000,000 to the Cleveland Trust Co., as trustee. The creation of the profit-sharing plan and the payment of the $ 1,000,000 to the trustee were pursuant to a resolution of the company's board of directors duly*249 adopted December 18, 1941. The payment of the $ 1,000,000 was not made in accordance with any predetermined formula for the determination of profits to be shared. See I. T. 3661, 1944 C. B. 315. 2 It was a lump sum payment, with no provision for recurrent contributions to the trust. We do not think that under the circumstances herein the trust formed part of a "profit-sharing plan" within the intent and purview of section 165 (a) as interpreted by the applicable Treasury regulations. *250 *608 In our findings of fact we set out a ruling by the Commissioner dated May 25, 1945, in which the Commissioner stated in some detail why the trust was not exempt from taxation under section 165 (a) of the code for the years 1941, 1942, and 1943. His reasons as to why he considered the trust was not exempt were stated in five separate paragraphs, which were numbered (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e). The Commissioner in his letter stated that the trust for the year 1943 does not meet the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, for 1943, for the reasons designated in all of the paragraphs of his letter. If the Commissioner was correct as to 1943, he would also be correct as to the year 1944, the year which we have before us. No change in the law or regulations has been called to our attention as having taken place between 1943 and 1944. In sustaining respondent's determination that petitioner is not exempt under section 165 (a) for the year 1944, we are doing so on the strength of our belief that petitioner does not meet the requirements of that part of Treasury Regulations 111, section 29.165-1, quoted above, and our holding that such regulations are a valid *251 interpretation of the law. These requirements are summarized in paragraphs (a) and (b) of the Commissioner's letter heretofore referred to. Petitioner strongly takes issue with the Commissioner in his interpretation of the statute as evidenced by the regulations above referred to and says in its brief: When the statute speaks of a "plan," the Commissioner takes this to mean a "plan" confined to the making of recurrent and systematic payments into a trust for employees. And from this erroneous premise the Commissioner concludes that, since the present indenture provides for but a single contribution, it does not satisfy the statute. But Congress did not so limit the statute. A reading of section 165 (a), together with section 23 (p) with which it must be integrated, shows that the whole subject is a difficult one and much must be left to interpretative Treasury regulations. We, therefore, do not feel justified in disapproving that part of the regulations printed above. In saying this, however, we do not wish to be understood as approving the reasons given by the Commissioner in paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of his letter. The Commissioner in his brief argues for the validity of*252 his objections stated in all three of these latter paragraphs. But we do not go so far. Having sustained the Commissioner under the part of Treasury regulations above referred to, it becomes unnecessary to rule upon the objections to the trust which the Commissioner stated in paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of his letter and which he still presses in his brief. The Commissioner in his brief, in addition to his reliance upon Treasury Regulations 111, section 29.165-1, relies upon Harold G. Perkins, 8 T. C. 1051, and South Texas Commercial National Bank *609 , 7 T. C. 764; affd., 162 Fed. (2d) 462. These cases, however, are so different in their facts from the instant case that we do not think they are helpful here and, therefore, we do not discuss them. Petitioner contends, in the alternative, that if the trust does not qualify as an exempt trust under section 165 (a), then the trust indenture created not one, but a separate trust for each one of the 890 beneficiaries named. It was stipulated that if the trust indenture created a separate trust for each of the 890 employees named*253 as a beneficiary under the trust indenture, there would be no deficiency in tax. Respondent, contends, however, that it was the intent of the grantor to create a single trust and the income of all the property is taxable to one trust. In determining whether the trust indenture created a single trust or multiple trusts, the controlling factor is the intention of the grantor, which must be determined from the entire trust instrument. Huntington National Bank v. Commissioner, 90 Fed. (2d) 876, affirming 32 B. T. A. 342; McGinley v. Commissioner, 80 Fed. (2d) 692; Lynchburg Trust & Savings Bank v. Commissioner, 68 Fed. (2d) 356; William L. Mellon Trusts, 11 T. C. 135; affd., 174 Fed. (2d) 828. We think that an examination of the trust instrument indicates an intention to create a single trust. Throughout the trust indenture the grantor consistently and many times uses the singular form in referring to the trust and the trust estate. In William L. Mellon Trusts, supra,*254 we pointed out that: "The employment of such language by the settlor is an important factor in determining his intention, and requires clear proof of intention to create more than one trust." Also the grantor has used the plural in referring to the beneficiaries who are to share the trust estate. For instance, paragraph No. 9 of the agreement provides that the trust estate shall be held for the benefit of the "Beneficiaries in the proportions indicated by the fractions set opposite their respective names." In our opinion the trust instrument in its entirety and particularly the references to the trust in the singular and the references to the beneficiaries in the plural show a clear expression of intent of the grantor to establish a single trust. The language of the trust instrument indicates a conjunction of the interests of the 890 beneficiaries in a single trust estate, the fractional parts of which in accordance with the terms of the trust are to be later distributed among the beneficiaries, and such language negatives any intent to create separate trusts. We hold, therefore, that the trust is taxable as a single entity. Cf. William L. Mellon Trusts, supra;*255 James S. Reid Trust, 6 T. C. 438; Marian Neal, etc. Trust, 40 B. T. A. 1033. Decision will be entered for the respondent. DISNEY *610 Disney, J., dissenting: Cognizant fully of the necessity for regulations on a complicated subject, nevertheless I am not able to agree that the regulation involved here is not an unwarranted addition to the statute. Paraphrased, and as far as here concerned, the statute provides exemption for a trust which forms part of a profit-sharing plan if contributions are made thereto by the employer and the employer can not divert such contributions away from the exclusive benefit of employees or their beneficiaries. The regulation, however, as reflected in the respondent's contention, adds, in substance, that the plan must be permanent and for a definite program. The Commissioner says that this plan is not permanent because it involves a single contribution with disposition at the end of ten years, and there is no definite program because there is no definite formula for determining profits. I find no such requirements in the statute. It does not say permanent plan, but merely "plan," *256 and it says nothing about program or definite formula for determining profits. Indeed, the profits are determined here -- determined at $ 1,000,000, the amount contributed. It seems to me that the word "plan," under the ordinary canon of statutory construction that language shall be used in its ordinary sense, plainly includes what the employer here did. To say that there was no plan involved in this affair seems unrealistic. The Commissioner's power to promulgate regulations appears improperly exercised when it narrows the general expression "plan" by requiring that it entail certain things, such as permanency and definite formula. Such regulation might be used to modify, narrow, and curtail almost any expression used by Congress, merely because it is subject to definition. Such restriction is not, in my view, a permissible function of regulation. The petitioner's profits were shared with its employees and their beneficiaries, beyond recall. I would not distinguish between this petitioner and one which made its contribution over several years instead of a single contribution to be utilized over ten years, as here, or one which had a more definite program for determining all*257 profits to be shared. They were here determined by the contribution. Having made an irrevocable contribution for its employees, certainly with a plan, because ultimate segregation and disposition were to be at the end of ten years, petitioner should not, in my opinion, be denied the statutory exemption. I, therefore, respectfully dissent. Footnotes 1. SEC. 165. EMPLOYEES' TRUSTS. [As amended by sec. 218, Revenue Act of 1939; sec. 162 (a), Revenue Act of 1942.] (a) Exemption from Tax. -- A trust forming part of a stock bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plan of an employer for the exclusive benefit of his employees or their beneficiaries shall not be taxable under this supplement and no other provision of this supplement shall apply with respect to such trust or to its beneficiary -- (1) if contributions are made to the trust by such employer, or employees, or both, for the purpose of distributing to such employees or their beneficiaries the corpus and income of the fund accumulated by the trust in accordance with such plan; (2) if under the trust instrument it is impossible, at any time prior to the satisfaction of all liabilities with respect to employees and their beneficiaries under the trust, for any part of the corpus or income to be (within the taxable year or thereafter) used for, or diverted to, purposes other than for the exclusive benefit of his employees or their beneficiaries; (3) if the trust, or two or more trusts, or the trust or trusts and annuity plan or plans are designated by the employer as constituting parts of a plan intended to qualify under this subsection which benefits either -- (A) 70 per centum or more of all the employees, or 80 per centum or more of all the employees who are eligible to benefit under the plan if 70 per centum or more of all the employees are eligible to benefit under the plan, excluding in each case employees who have been employed not more than a minimum period prescribed by the plan, not exceeding five years, employees whose customary employment is for not more than twenty hours in any one week, and employees whose customary employment is for not more than five months in any calendar year, or (B) such employees as qualify under a classification set up by the employer and found by the Commissioner not to be discriminatory in favor of employees who are officers, shareholders, persons whose principal duties consist in supervising the work of other employees, or highly compensated employees; and (4) if the contributions or benefits provided under the plan do not discriminate in favor of employees who are officers, shareholders, persons whose principal duties consist in supervising the work of other employees, or highly compensated employees. * * * *↩ 2. Section 165 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended by section 162 (a) of the Revenue Act of 1942, provides, among other things, for exemption of a trust forming part of a profit-sharing plan of an employer for the exclusive benefit of his employees or their beneficiaries. As used in that section, such a plan means a definite written program and arrangement, communicated to the employees, solely designed and applied to enable such employees or their beneficiaries to share in the profits of such employer's trade or business. (See section 29.165-1 of Regulations 111.) In order that a profit-sharing program may qualify as a profit-sharing plan under section 165 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code, it must be a definite written program. It must, therefore, set forth a definite formula for determining the profits of the employer to be shared and for distributing such profits among his employees or their beneficiaries. For example, a formula which provides for a contribution equal to (a) a specified percentage of the annual profits, or (b) a specified percentage of the annual profits in excess of the sum of dividend commitments plus a fixed amount, is definite as to the determination of the profits to be shared. Also a formula which provides for distributing such profits in proportion to basic compensation is definite in regard to distribution. It is, accordingly, held that a profit-sharing program will not qualify as a profit-sharing plan under section 165 (a) of the Internal Revenue Code↩ unless it sets forth (a) a definite formula for determining the profits of the employer to be shared and (b) a definite formula for distributing such profits to his employees or their beneficiaries.