Thomason v. Commissioner

S. E. Thomason, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent Thomason v. Commissioner Docket No. 111793 United States Tax Court 2 T.C. 441; 1943 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 101; July 20, 1943, Promulgated *101 Decision will be entered for respondent. Amounts paid for the benefit of, and to provide special advantages for, a designated ward of a charitable organization, held not deductible as charitable contributions. Willis D. Nance, Esq., for the petitioner. L. M. Ponder, Esq., for the respondent. Arundell, Judge. ARUNDELL *441 This proceeding was filed to test the correctness of the Commissioner's determination of deficiencies in income tax for the years 1939 and 1940 in the respective amounts of $ 379.75 and $ 830.03. The deficiencies were arrived at by the respondent's disallowance of the deduction of sums paid by petitioner in the respective years for the education and maintenance of a designated ward of the IllinoisChildren's Home and Aid Society. The sole issue is whether or not these *442 sums are deductible under section 23 (o) of the Internal Revenue Code as contributions to public charity. The facts were agreed to by the parties. They will be set forth only in so far as is necessary to a disposition of the legal question presented. FINDINGS OF FACT. Petitioner is a resident of Chicago, Illinois. He filed individual income tax returns on the *102 basis of cash receipts and disbursements for the years 1939 and 1940 with the collector of internal revenue for the first district of Illinois. On November 6, 1924, the petitioner and his wife entered into an agreement with the IllinoisChildren's Home and Aid Society, hereinafter known as the society. The petitioner and his wife were the parents of a grown daughter and wished to take a boy into their home for a trial period with a view to his ultimate adoption. The agreement placed the boy in the care and custody of petitioner and his wife on trial, petitioner to give the child proper schooling, religious training, equal social advantages, and all the necessities of life. The society was fully recognized to be the legal guardian of the child until adoption, and representatives of the society could visit him at all reasonable times. The child was four years and four months old when this agreement was entered into. His mother had died soon after his birth, his father had remarried, and he had been placed first with relatives and later in an Illinois orphanage. In the early summer of 1924, he was placed under the legal guardianship of the society, which never relinquished this guardianship*103 during his minority. The society is a domestic corporation, organized and operated entirely for charitable and educational purposes. No part of its net earnings inures to the benefit of any private individual. Its function is to assume guardianship and care of neglected and dependent children, secure homes for them with private individuals and, wherever possible, bring about their adoption. For 12 years, from November 6, 1924, to December 29, 1936, the petitioner maintained the boy in his home and treated him as his own child. For reasons not necessary to relate here, petitioner, on December 29, 1936, returned the child into the custody of the society and at that time advised the superintendent thereof that he would pay for the expense of the child's maintenance and education until he reached his majority. Thereafter the society assumed direct custody of the child. On January 6, 1938, after petitioner had a conference with the supervisor of the society, the child was sent to the Sunset Ranch for Boys at Boulder, Colorado, an educational institution operated for *443 profit. Petitioner undertook to pay all expenses of maintaining him in said institution, without which undertaking*104 he could not have been enrolled at the Sunset Ranch. Petitioner paid all the child's expenses in that institution during the years 1939 and 1940. The Sunset Ranch sent the bills for his expenses directly to the petitioner and the petitioner sent the payments therefor directly to Sunset Ranch. Petitioner paid $ 1,518.98 in 1939 and $ 1,679.50 in 1940 to Sunset Ranch to cover these expenses. Petitioner wrote to the society each year that he intended such expenditures as charitable contributions and was deducting them as such from his income for tax purposes. OPINION. The respondent argues that petitioner is not entitled to deduct as charitable contributions these amounts paid out on behalf of a particular ward of a public charity, as such contributions were for the benefit of a single individual and, hence, constituted private charitable contributions. The petitioner argues that these expenditures were made "for the use of" a public charity and as such are deductible under section 23 (o) of the Internal Revenue Code. 1 *105 We think the respondent correctly denied the deductions. The contributions here in question were paid directly to Sunset Ranch for the tuition and maintenance of a particular child. They were earmarked from the beginning not for a group or class of individuals, not to be used in any manner seen fit by the society, but for the use of a single individual in whom petitioner felt a keen fatherly and personal interest. Charity begins where certainty in beneficiaries ends, for it is the uncertainty of the objects and not the mode of relieving them which forms the essential element of charity. Russell v. Allen, 107 U.S. 163. The Supreme Court, in speaking of charitable trusts, said in that case: * * * They may, and indeed must, be for the benefit of an indefinite number of persons; for if all the beneficiaries are personally designated, the trust *444 lacks the essential element of indefiniteness, which is one characteristic of a legal charity. * * * Whenever the beneficiary is designated by name and his merit alone is to be considered, the bequest is private and not public and ceases to have the peculiar merit of a charity. Bullard v. Chandler, 21 N. E. 951;*106 I. T. 3549, C. B. 1942-1, p. 79. In the case of Cap Andrew Tilles, 38 B. T. A. 545, we disallowed as a charitable deduction a sum paid to a fund established for the purpose of giving a musical education to a talented girl. In that case we said: * * * We do not think that it was the intention of Congress by the use of the language contained in the Revenue Act of 1921, and succeeding revenue acts, to allow the deduction from gross income of a charitable gift which was for the benefit of only one person. * * * Petitioner seems to place his stress on the fact that the child was a ward of an admitted charitable society and that the sums paid should be regarded as "for the use of" such an organization. The Commissioner at an early date construed the phrase "for the use of" as expressive of the "right of exclusive appropriation or enjoyment of the thing donated," rather than of the purpose or mode of use, and as intended to convey a meaning similar to "in trust for." I. T. 1867, C. B. II-2, p. 155. With this we are in substantial agreement. The phrase certainly implies that the contribution need not be made directly to the charitable institution, but it*107 does not touch upon the essential requirement of indefiniteness of bounty. Doubtless, if an exempt organization incurs liabilities in the general performance of its functions and requests its donors to pay their contributions to its creditors, the payments would be "for the use of" the charity; but that is not this case. Petitioner's donations, intended for the benefit of one individual, secured special privileges and advantages for him which the society otherwise would not have furnished, for it is stipulated that without petitioner's undertaking the child could not have attended Sunset Ranch. True, the payments incidentally relieved the society of furnishing him its ordinary services, but it does not follow that the payments were for the use of the society. It could as well be said that the expense of caring for a legally adopted child is a charitable contribution because it relieves the society of its obligation to support a former ward. We conclude that the sums paid by petitioner during the taxable years for the schooling and maintenance of this child at Sunset Ranch were not paid either to or for the use of the society. That the sums paid relieved the society from some *108 financial burden is not enough. The sums were paid by petitioner for the benefit of a designated individual and for no other individuals or for no other purpose of the society. These contributions may not be regarded as gifts to or *445 for the society. They were gifts to and for the benefit of this particular child and no one else. Respondent's action in denying the sought deductions is sustained. Decision will be entered for respondent. Footnotes 1. In computing net income there shall be allowed as deductions: * * * * (o) Charitable and Other Contributions. -- In the case of an individual, contributions or gifts payment of which is made within the taxable year to or for the use of: * * * * (2) A corporation, trust, or community chest, fund, or foundation, created or organized in the United States or in any possession thereof or under the law of the United States or of any State or Territory or of any possession of the United States, organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual, and no substantial part of the activities of which is carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence legislation.↩