Hayne v. Commissioner

Estate of C. L. Hayne, Deceased, Kathleen Hayne Phillips, Surviving Widow and Usufructuary, Kathleen Hayne Foltz, William P. Hayne and C. L. Hayne, Jr., Children and Legal Heirs, and Kathleen Hayne Phillips, Surviving Wife, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent Hayne v. Commissioner Docket No. 39721 United States Tax Court 22 T.C. 113; 1954 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 231; April 26, 1954, Filed April 26, 1954, Filed *231 Decision will be entered for the respondent. 1. Assessments on stock, under the circumstances, constitute additional cost of the stock. No proof was made that the stock became worthless in 1948. 2. The decedent suffered an attack which paralyzed the left side of his body and confined him to his bed and room. Later, at the suggestion of the attending physician, an elevator was installed on the outside of the house to make it easier for the decedent to be transported. The elevator did not increase the value of the home. Held, on the facts, that cost of the elevator was a capital expenditure, and assuming that it was not, the amount is not deductible as a medical expense. Junius H. Payne, Jr., Esq., and Grove Stafford, Esq., for the petitioners. Robert B. Wallace, Esq., for the respondent. Johnson, Judge. JOHNSON *114 This proceeding involves a deficiency of $ 4,941.34 in income tax for 1948. The issues involve deductions for alleged worthlessness of stock and notes, and the question of whether the cost of an elevator is deductible as a medical expense. FINDINGS OF FACT. The stipulated facts are so found. The petitioners are representatives of the estate*232 of C. L. Hayne, deceased. The joint return of the decedent and his wife, now Kathleen H. Phillips, was filed with the collector of internal revenue at New Orleans, Louisiana. Issue I. Stock Loss, $ 4,000. The decedent was for many years prior to his death on April 29, 1949, engaged in the cotton oil and ginning business as a member of a partnership, from which he derived most of his taxable income in 1948. In 1947 the decedent and four employees of the partnership, including Ione Woodard, organized the Silver City Theatre, Inc., under the laws of Louisiana, to construct and operate a motion picture theater in Alexandria, Louisiana, which would cater to colored patrons. Of the initial paid-in capital stock of $ 20,500 of the corporation, the decedent purchased 85 shares at a cost of $ 8,500 1 and Ione Woodard 40 shares at a cost of $ 4,000. The corporation acquired real estate and constructed*233 and equipped a theater thereon at a total cost of $ 57,670.79. Due to unanticipated construction cost, the corporation was forced to borrow $ 40,000 from the Guaranty Bank and Trust Company, Alexandria, Louisiana. The loan was evidenced by a demand note, dated July 1, 1947, which was endorsed by the stockholders of the corporation and secured by a mortgage on the properties of the theater in the amount of $ 32,000. The corporation operated the theater from August 1947 to November 30, 1948. The operations resulted in a loss of $ 1,218.13 in 1947 and $ 9,283.21 in 1948. The decedent took an active part in the management of the theater until April 29, 1948, when physical disabilities prevented him from performing the duties. Ione Woodard was secretary, treasurer, and a director of the corporation. Prior to November 30, 1948, the corporation endeavored to sell the theater for $ 45,000. The property was listed with two real estate agencies and advertisements for its sale were inserted in newspapers published in New Orleans and Shreveport, Louisiana, and Houston, *115 Texas, and in theater journals, and several chain moving-picture companies were contacted. No offers to purchase*234 were received in 1948. On November 18, 1948, the theater was leased for a term of 1 year from December 1, 1948, at a rental of $ 300 per month, with an option to buy the theater properties during the term of the lease for $ 45,000. Due to unsuccessful operations of the theater, the lease was canceled by the parties on or before August 3, 1949. The balance sheet of the corporation on December 31, 1948, was as follows: Assets Cash $ 430.33 Real estate $ 35,590.24 Equipment 14,679.75 Furniture and fixtures 6,112.59 Neon signs 1,288.21 57,670.79 Reserve for depreciation 5,690.71 51,980.08 Prepaid insurance 799.28 $ 53,209.69 Liabilities Notes payable $ 40,000.00 Unclaimed wages 6.64 Accounts payable (stockholders) * 2,616.51 Accounts payable 517.48 Capital stock 20,500.00 Deficit (10,430.94) $ 53,209.69 On August 22, 1949, the theater was leased for a term of 1 year from September 1, 1949, at a rental of $ 275 per month with an option to purchase*235 for $ 35,000. The lessee operated the theater as such until March 1, 1951, when he purchased the property, consisting of land, building, fixtures, and equipment, for $ 29,000. The corporation had operating losses in 1949, 1950, and 1951. The stockholders filed with the Secretary of State of Louisiana on March 27, 1951, notice of their consent to dissolve the corporation, but dissolution has never been completed because of the existence of indebtedness of the corporation to the State for taxes, payment of which is necessary before cancellation of the corporation's charter. The proceeds of the sale of the theater were used to make a payment on the bank note for $ 32,000. The corporation disposed of all of its assets. The stockholders have not recovered and will never recover anything on their stock. *116 Ione Woodard in 1948 tried, without success, to sell or give away her stock of the corporation. The decedent and his wife claimed in their joint return for 1948 a net long-term capital loss of $ 4,000 on account of worthlessness of the stock the decedent held of the corporation. Respondent disallowed the deduction upon the ground that the stock was not worthless in 1948. *236 Issue II. Loss on Notes, $ 1,800. On September 21, 1948, the stockholders of the corporation paid an assessment of $ 1,025, which had been levied at the rate of $ 5 a share, to pay interest on the mortgage note held by the Guaranty Bank and Trust Company. They paid the assessment involuntarily as endorsers of the note. The amount of the assessment paid by the decedent was $ 425. On October 23, 1948, the corporation's stockholders, in accordance with a levy, paid assessments at the rate of $ 15 a share, a total of $ 3,075, to pay outstanding amusement taxes, and interest and penalty thereon in the amount of $ 458.49, due to the collector of internal revenue for amusement taxes collected and expended by the corporation and not paid to the collector. The assessment was paid involuntarily by the stockholders because, as directors of the corporation, they were responsible for the assessment of the collector. The amount of the assessment paid by the decedent was $ 1,275. No part of the amount of $ 1,700 paid by the decedent under the two assessments of the corporation has been paid, and, because of the disposition of all of the assets of the corporation, no repayment is possible. *237 No notes were issued to the decedent for the payments made under the assessments. The decedent and his wife claimed the amount of $ 1,800 in their joint return for 1948 as a deduction for worthless notes of the corporation. Respondent disallowed the deduction, as claimed, upon the ground that no notes had been issued to the decedent. He also determined that the $ 1,700 actually paid to the corporation constituted an addition to capital and was not allowable as a business bad debt. Issue III. Medical Expenses, $ 3,000. The decedent suffered a cerebral hemorrhage or thrombosis on April 29, 1948, which caused complete paralysis of the left side of his body and made him a helpless cripple. He spent the first 6 or 8 weeks of his illness in a hospital and was then removed to his home, where he was confined to a specially built bed. Later a specially built wheelchair was acquired and it was used to take him to windows of his bedroom. The decedent's left forearm was amputated when he was a child. *117 The attending physician prescribed, as medication for the decedent's ailment, symptomatic treatment, and, at the suggestion of another doctor, physiotherapy every day with the*238 hope of restoring the use of the paralyzed leg. A nurse was in attendance at all times. The physician saw the decedent at his home every day for awhile and then visits became so disagreeable that his trips were almost always on call. The family residence was a pretentious 2-story red brick colonial type building located on about 1 3/4 acres of ground in an exclusive section of the city. All of the bedrooms and bathrooms were on the second floor. The floors were connected by a very steep spiral stairway. The decedent at all times demanded all kinds of service. The attack of paralysis depressed him and caused such a change in his personality that he not only did not realize the significance of his illness but became more insistent than ever for service, at times without reason in the opinion of the attending physician. The decedent decided that he would like to go outside of the house and his request was granted by taking him down the stairs to the back yard on a stretcher. The trip made him feel that he was getting better, and thereafter he repeatedly demanded that he be taken to the back yard and on automobile trips, which the physician approved and suggested be continued as*239 a form of therapy to improve his morale. The decedent weighed about 180 pounds. Transporting him down and up the stairway on a stretcher was not only difficult but, in the opinion of the physician, hazardous. At times the decedent felt that he was going to fall out of the stretcher, and that had a bad effect upon him. A wheelchair had no advantages over a stretcher. As a result of that condition, and to avoid it in the future, the doctor "suggested" that an elevator be installed to transport the decedent and solve the existing transportation problem. A slow moving elevator was installed in the fall of 1948 from the first floor to the second floor on the outside of the house, at a cost of $ 3,000. To provide entrances to the elevator it was necessary to convert a bedroom window into a door and to use a door to a solarium on the first floor. The elevator shaft was constructed of wood. Upon its completion the elevator was used to transport the decedent to and from the first floor in a wheelchair and enabled him to get outside and eat often on the first floor with the family. The physician believed that the benefit derived by the decedent from the installation of the elevator related*240 more to improvement of his outlook on life than to his physical illness, from which he was not recovering. The elevator has not been used since decedent's death. It detracts from the appearance of the home and did not increase its value. *118 The decedent and his wife spent $ 8,328.95 in 1948 for medical and dental expenses, in addition to the cost of the elevator. The total amount of $ 11,328.95 was included in a computation made in their return for a deduction taken for medical and dental expenses. Respondent disallowed the portion of the deduction that related to the cost of the elevator upon the ground that it was not deductible under the provisions of section 23 (x) of the Code. The cost of the elevator is not deductible as a medical expense. OPINION. Issue I. Stock Loss, $ 4,000. The general contention of petitioners under this issue is that the stock became worthless in 1948, even though the corporation did not discontinue all of its activities until after the sale of its assets on March 1, 1951, after which steps were taken to dissolve. The circumstances must be exceptional to hold in such a situation that the stock ceased to have value in 1948. Bullard v. United States, 146 F. 2d 386.*241 The corporation had operating losses in 1947 and 1948. But financial difficulties, even of a serious nature, do not establish worthlessness. Anthony P. Miller, Inc., 7 T. C. 729, 748. The primary contention of petitioners is that the corporate assets had no greater value in 1948 than $ 29,000, the amount for which they were sold in 1951. Petitioners assert that such value, and the presence of other conditions, constitute identifiable events which establish that the stock became worthless in 1948. If the corporation had disposed of its property in 1948 for $ 29,000, there would have been no equity for the stockholders. The assets were not sold or placed on the market in 1948 for that amount, and considering all of the evidence we can not find that they had decreased in value to that extent. It is evident that the administrative officers of the corporation, among whom was the decedent, did not at any time in 1948 abandon hope that something could be salvaged from the venture for the stockholders. In December of the taxable year the theater was leased for a term of 1 year at an annual rental of $ 3,600 with an option to buy for $ 45,000. The parties*242 canceled the lease before the expiration of its term. In August 1949 it was released for another term of 1 year from September 1, 1949, at a monthly rental of $ 275 with an option to purchase for $ 35,000. On March 1, 1951, 6 months after the expiration of the term of the lease, the lessee purchased the property for $ 29,000. It appears that the property earned rental income for more than 2 years after the taxable year and the corporation removed the property from the general market during that period by giving *119 the lessees options to purchase at prices in excess of $ 29,000. The transactions disclose the opinions of the officers on the value of the assets in the light of prior operating losses under their management of the theater. Their opinions in that regard are shown by other actions on their part. The property was placed on the market for an undisclosed period of time in 1948, prior to November 18, for $ 45,000, but no offers were received. It does not appear that the corporation had the property on the market at any time in 1948 for less than $ 45,000 or that it would have accepted an offer at that time under that figure. It was not until the first part of 1949*243 that it placed the property in the hands of a realtor for less than $ 45,000, and then at $ 35,000. It is not understood how the corporation could have properly offered it at that time or during the term of the second lease at any price, in view of options granted the lessees to purchase. The two realtors, with whom the property was listed for sale in the early part of 1949 at the price of $ 35,000, testified that upon being requested by decedent's widow in 1951 to express an opinion on the offer then being considered for the purchase of the property for $ 29,000, they advised her to accept. Other of their testimony is that the property had no greater value in 1948. One of them doubted whether he could have sold it for more than $ 29,000 in 1947. Their opinions are weakened by an absence of proof that they had like opinions when they endeavored to sell the property for a greater figure. One of the witnesses admitted that he was familiar only "casually" with the property and the other witness testified that "we didn't know too much about the machinery." The equipment and furniture and fixtures of the theater were being carried on the books of the corporation at the close of 1948*244 at a cost of about $ 20,800. Testimony of Ione Woodard also is relied upon to establish worthlessness of the stock in 1948. She testified that she tried in 1948 to sell or give away her 40 shares of stock without success and by the close of that year considered that her investment was worthless. Notwithstanding such testimony, she did not claim a loss on her stock until 1951. Moreover the extent of her effort to sell or give away the stock is not shown. Petitioners' burden was to overcome the presumptive correctness of the finding of respondent that the stock did not become worthless in 1948. Considering all of the evidence, we conclude that they have not met their burden. Accordingly, the action of respondent will not be disturbed. Issue II. Loss on Notes, $ 1,800. It was alleged in the petition that the amount involved in the issue was $ 1,800. The stipulation of the parties is that the assessments *120 involved in the question were in the amount of $ 1,700, and no greater amount is now being claimed as a deduction. Petitioners contend on brief that the $ 1,700 is deductible as a business expense or loss or, in the alternative, as (1) a business bad debt or (2) a*245 nonbusiness bad debt. The position of respondent on brief is that the payments constitute additional cost of the stock and that any deduction allowed must be because the shares became worthless in 1948. The amounts were paid under pro rata assessments made by the corporation to obtain funds with which to pay interest on a mortgage note bearing endorsements of the stockholders and unpaid amusement taxes, including a penalty, and interest thereon. The respondent determined that no notes were given by the corporation for the payments, a conclusion supported by the evidence here, and, in effect, that the amounts constituted additional cost of stock arising from assessments made against the shareholders. Stock assessments represent additional investments of capital. Harry E. Lutz, 2 B. T. A. 484; John G. Paxton, 7 B. T. A. 92; B. Estes Vaughan, 17 B. T. A. 620. Payments made by a stockholder to protect his interest are accorded the same treatment. W. F. Bavinger, 22 B. T. A. 1239; Estate of William H. Foster, 9 T. C. 930. The stipulation*246 of the parties and the evidence shows that the amounts were levied by the corporation and paid by the shareholders as assessments to pay obligations for which it was liable. The fact that the shareholders were secondarily liable for the interest because of their endorsements on the note of the corporation is not decisive. It does not appear that the bank or the collector had demanded, or threatened to demand, payment of the interest or taxes, primary obligations of the corporation, by the shareholders. Instead of waiting until such time as they might be called upon to pay the obligations as endorsers of the note and as stockholders, they chose to satisfy their liability to the corporation under the stock assessments to enable it to pay its debts. The corporation did not issue notes for the payments and its books do not actually reflect debts to them for the amounts. Such treatment of the transactions in the corporate records is evidence that it did not regard the payments as advances or loans, subject to repayment as payables. The question is factual. Pollak v. Commissioner, 209 F. 2d 57, is distinguishable. There the payments were made in*247 fulfillment of a preexisting legal obligation when the corporation was insolvent. No insolvency existed here in 1948, as shown by our conclusion under the first issue. The proof here amply supports the respondent's determination that the stock was not worthless in 1948, and, consequently, decedent sustained no loss. That conclusion renders unnecessary any discussion of the other points raised by petitioners, for if we are correct *121 in concluding that the payments constitute additional cost of the stock, the amounts are not deductible as expenses or bad debts. Issue III. Medical Expenses, $ 3,000. The sole point involved in the issue is whether the cost of the elevator is includible in the computation of a deduction for medical expenses under section 23 (x) of the Code. Petitioners contend that the expense was incurred to comply with a prescription given by the physician in treating the mental and physical condition of the decedent. Respondent's position is that the cost was a capital expenditure and, as such, nondeductible as a medical expense under the conclusion reached in John L. Seymour, 14 T. C. 1111, which involved replacement *248 of a coal burning furnace by an oil burner, because of an allergy of the taxpayer there to coal dust and ashes. The conclusion reached in the Seymour case is based upon the broad principle that nothing was found in the statute or its legislative history declaring the intent of Congress to abandon the general concept of income tax law that capital expenditures are not deductible as expenses. No specific contention is made here by petitioners that the cost of installing the elevator was not a capital expenditure. They seek to avoid the force of the respondent's contention by pointing out that the elevator reduced, rather than increased, the value of the residence. An amount expended for an asset having a life in excess of a year is usually classified as a capital expenditure. First National Bank of St. Louis, 3 B. T. A. 807; W. B. Harbeson Lumber Co., 24 B. T. A. 542. The elevator involved here was presumably used by the decedent until his death in 1949 and was still affixed to the property at the time of the hearing. The fact that it was not used by others after the decedent died is not determinative of the nature*249 of the expenditure. The facility was installed at a time when there was urgent need for such a means of transportation and improved the property to meet the requirements of the decedent at the time. It is reasonable to assume that he would be using the elevator at this time if he were alive and had not recovered from the ailment that induced the outlay. Thus, after the decedent was stricken it was found that the family residence no longer had all of the facilities necessary to take care of the needs of the occupants, and to improve it to transport the decedent from one floor of the house to another with greater ease and comfort, an elevator, a capital improvement, was installed. Whether an expenditure was for a capital addition to property or constitutes an expense does not depend upon whether or not it increased the value of the property. Popular Dry Goods Co., 6 B. T. A. 78; Bonwit Teller & Co., 17 B. T. A. 1019; Harriet B. Borland, 27 B. T. A. 538; *122 Connally Realty Co., 31 B. T. A. 349, affd. 81 F. 2d 221. See Difco Laboratories, Inc., 10 T. C. 660.*250 The true test being the nature of the expenditure, without regard to whether the value of the property was increased thereby, the character is not changed by the fact that the outlay does not result in ultimate advantage to the taxpayer. Parkersburg Iron & Steel Co. v. Burnet, 48 F. 2d 163, affirming 17 B. T. A. 74; Chicago & North Western Railway Co., 39 B. T. A. 661, affd. 114 F. 2d 882. Under the authorities cited we think the cost of the installation of the elevator undoubtedly was a capital expenditure and hence is not deductible under section 23 (x). However, if not a capital expenditure, under the facts it is not clear that the cost of the elevator is deductible as a medical expense. The meaning of section 23 (x) was discussed at considerable length in Edward A. Havey, 12 T. C. 409. We concluded there that only such amounts as were incurred primarily for the prevention or alleviation of a health or body condition may be claimed as medical expenses, an incidental benefit not being enough. Consideration of the history and purpose*251 of the statute in a later case resulted in a like conclusion. L. Keever Stringham, 12 T. C. 580. See Frances Hoffman, 17 T. C. 1380. Each case must turn on its peculiar facts. The attending physician had known the decedent since 1930 and prescribed for his physical ailments on several occasions after about 1944. He testified from personal knowledge that the decedent "had always been a very demanding man for all types of services" and that after the attack in 1948 "he was even worse about everything done, sometimes without reason as far as I was concerned." In response to a direct question on the treatments he prescribed for the decedent, the doctor testified that "There were no specific treatments, we gave him symptomatic treatment as far as medication was concerned and in addition to that he had a physiotherapist that gave him physiotherapy every day." That testimony can not be construed to include, as part of the medical treatments, trips outside of the home or downstairs, with or without the use of an elevator. The absence of such trips as part of the treatment prescribed by the physician is borne out by his response*252 to the second following question as to any other treatment, to which the doctor replied by saying: "Well, he had three nurses there with him all the time, then after he decided that he would like to go outside we made an attempt to get him downstairs and out in the backyard, * * * and because we let him go down once, why, he felt as though he was a lot better and in appearance he was better because he felt as though he was progressing," and "he made a lot of demands about going out in the yard and also taking automobile trips which I thought was all right and I suggested that he continue to do that." That testimony shows that it was the decedent who decided *123 upon the trips downstairs, and he was permitted to do so with the acquiescence and not by order of the doctor as part of any of his prescribed treatment for the decedent's ailment. A few questions later, in response to a question as to whether the automobile trips were "a treatment that you prescribed," the physician merely testified, "Yes I prescribed that he could go down to his office and we would have to get the ambulance." Other testimony on the point does not alter the effect of the testimony just related, which*253 is that the trips outside and to the first floor were permitted to satisfy wishes of the decedent and were not upon order of the physician as part of his treatment of the patient. None of the evidence is that the trips were considered necessary as part of the medical treatment of decedent other than the incidental effect that they had on the mental attitude he had about his illness. Neither does the installation of the elevator appear to have altered the situation in that regard. It was installed at the suggestion or advice of the doctor. As to why he suggested the elevator, the physician testified, in effect, that as the trips were helping decedent and were apparently improving his mental condition aggravated by the stroke and subsequent confinement, he considered that the installation of an elevator would be the easiest way out of the problem of using the stairway. Concerning the subject of whether the installation of the elevator was reasonably necessary in connection with his treatment of the decedent, the physician testified, quite indefinitely, as follows: It was my opinion that this man might live a normal span of life, that he might recover enough to go back to his regular*254 business and even if he recovered mentally enough but he wasn't recovering as far as his paralysis was concerned, and this would be a long-range thing as far as he was concerned to have this elevator there. It would certainly be a means of transportation if he had fully recovered from his paralysis and his mental depression. The use of the elevator was not intended to have and had no beneficial effect upon the mitigation or cure of the paralytic condition of the decedent. Its primary function was to solve a transportation problem, resulting from wishes of the decedent to get out of his room, which were merely incidental to the illness. Our conclusion, from careful consideration of all of the evidence on the point, is that the installation and use of the elevator were never prescribed to alleviate or mitigate any ailment of the decedent and that the cost was incurred primarily for purposes having only an incidental relation to the illness. As such, they must be regarded as personal expenses, nondeductible under the statute. Accordingly, we find that no error was committed by the respondent in disallowing the deduction. Decision will be entered for the respondent. Footnotes 1. The deduction claimed in the return for loss was based upon cost of $ 8,000 and no greater cost basis is being claimed here.↩ *. This account is reflected in the books of the corporation as "Amusement Tax Payable $ 2,616.51" and represents a portion of an assessment made on October 23, 1948.↩