Du Val v. Commissioner

Estate of Ethel M. DuVal, Deceased, by Thomas M. Robinson, Jr., and Weston Shattuck Robinson, as Executors of Her Last Will and Testament, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent Du Val v. Commissioner Docket No. 4731 United States Tax Court 4 T.C. 722; 1945 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 238; February 2, 1945, Promulgated *238 Decision will be entered for the respondent. Where a bank, owner of a claim against decedent as guarantor of notes, consented to distribution of the estate without payment of its claim, reserving, however, a claim against a co-guarantor, and where the estate will never be required to pay the claim, held, such claim is not deductible from the gross estate of decedent, although formally allowed by a court having jurisdiction of the settlement of the estate. M. W. Dobrzensky, Esq., and James H. Anglim, Esq., for the petitioners. Arthur L. Murray, Esq., for the respondent. Van Fossan, Judge. VAN FOSSAN *722 The respondent determined a deficiency of $ 48,214.31 in estate tax against the estate*239 of Ethel M. DuVal. The single issue is whether the sum of $ 175,000 representing the balance due on notes of a corporation, payment of which was guaranteed by the decedent and another, may be deducted from gross estate as a debt of the decedent, where the maker of the notes was financially able to pay them. FINDINGS OF FACT. Ethel M. DuVal, hereinafter referred to as the decedent, died testate on April 9, 1942, and at the time of her death was a resident of Alameda County, California. The petitioners, Thomas M. Robinson, Jr., and Weston Shattuck Robinson, are the duly qualified and acting executors of the decedent's will, which was admitted to probate by the Superior Court of Alameda County. The estate tax return was filed by them on April 15, 1943, with the collector of internal revenue for the first district of California. On August 17, 1937, the M. K. Blake Estate Co., hereinafter called the company, secured a loan from the Bank of America National Trust & Savings Association of Oakland, California, hereinafter called the bank, in the sum of $ 162,000, payable three years thereafter, evidenced by the company's promissory note of the same date and secured by a deed of trust executed*240 the same day. *723 At the same time, and at the bank's request, the decedent and her sister, Mary J. Robinson, endorsed the note as follows: For value received, I hereby guarantee payment of the within obligation and all renewals or extensions thereof and I hereby waive presentment, demand, protest, notice of protest and notice of nonpayment. [Signed] Ethel M. DuVal Mary J. Robinson. On November 2, 1941, the company borrowed from the bank an additional $ 20,000, payable August 2, 1944, giving its promissory note therefor. This second obligation was also secured by the deed of trust above referred to. The note was endorsed by the decedent and her sister in the following manner: For value received, I hereby guarantee payment of the within obligation and all renewals or extensions thereof and all taxes and insurance premiums and any other sums that may become due and payable under and by virtue of the provisions of the deed of trust (or mortgage) securing the aforesaid note, and I hereby waive presentment, demand, protest, notice of protest and notice of nonpayment. I also hereby waive (a) the right, if any, to the benefit of, or to direct the application of, any security hypothecated*241 to the holder until all indebtedness of the maker to the holder, howsoever arising, shall have been paid; (b) the right to require the holder to proceed against the maker, or to pursue any other remedy in the holder's power; and agree that the holder may proceed against the undersigned directly or independently of the maker, and that cessation of liability of the maker for any reason other than payment, any extension, forbearance, change of rate of interest or acceptance, release or substitution of security or any impairment or suspension of the holder's remedies or rights against the maker, shall not in anywise affect the liability of the undersigned hereunder. At the time the above notes were executed and endorsed the decedent and her sister, Mary J. Robinson, were the owners of a majority of the company's outstanding capital stock. The decedent was president of the company and Mary J. Robinson was its secretary. On August 26, 1941, the company and the bank joined in an agreement extending the maturity date of the note for $ 162,000 to August 2, 1944. The decedent and Mary J. Robinson gave their written consent to the extension. At the decedent's death the unpaid balance of the*242 principal of the two notes amounted to $ 175,000. No part of this amount has been paid since her death. After the decedent's death the bank presented its claim for $ 175,000 against her estate, said claim providing that it was made "by virtue of the guaranty of said deceased of two promissory notes of M. K. Blake Estate Co., a corporation, dated August 17, 1937, and November 2, 1941, respectively." The claim was delivered to the executors in June 1942 and allowed by them July 1942 for its full amount. The decedent, by her will, created a residuary trust, naming M. W. *724 Dobrzensky as trustee and as residuary devisee and legatee in trust. Shortly prior to March 15, 1943, a plan was agreed upon between the executors and their attorney (M. W. Dobrzensky) whereby the decedent's estate could be distributed. The plan provided that the entire estate should be distributed to the trustee, subject to the payment of the bank's claim. This plan has never been carried out. In response to a request by the trustee, Dobrzensky, the bank, on March 17, 1943, sent to him a "consent to distribution" providing that the bank "hereby consents to the distribution of the above entitled estate without*243 payment of its claim, reserving, however, its claim against Mary J. Robinson, who, with said decedent, guaranteed said promissory note." At the same time, the bank sent to the trustee a "Withdrawal of Request for Special Notice." On April 7, 1943, the claim was approved by the judge of the Superior Court of Alameda County, California. On October 25, 1943, the executors of the decedent's will filed with the probate court their first account, in which they reported the claim for $ 175,000 as an allowed and approved claim. This account was approved by order of the court on November 5, 1943. At the date of the decedent's death, and at all times since, to the date of the hearing herein, both the maker of the notes, the M. K. Blake Estate Co., and the co-guarantor, Mary J. Robinson, have been solvent and fully able to pay the notes in question. At schedule K of the estate tax return the executors of the decedent's will claimed a deduction for the $ 175,000 as a debt of the decedent. The respondent disallowed the deduction and determined the deficiency here in dispute. OPINION. This case involves an alleged claim for $ 175,000 against the estate of decedent. The deduction is sought under*244 section 812 (b) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code prior to its amendment by section 405 of the Revenue Act of 1942. 1 *245 *725 The cited section allows a deduction for such claims against the estate as are allowed by the laws of the jurisdiction under which the estate is being administered to the extent that they were contracted bona fide and for an adequate consideration in money or money's worth. The so-called claim grew out of the transactions in which decedent and her sister guaranteed two notes of a corporation, of which decedent was president and the sister was secretary and in which they owned a majority of the stock, the notes being held by a bank. The corporation and the surviving co-guarantor were both solvent and fully able to pay the amount of the claim at all material times. There has been no default on the notes or other event fixing the liability of the guarantor. The bank's claim for $ 175,000 was presented to the executors in June 1942 and approved by them July 1, 1942. On March 17, 1943, the bank (owner of the claim) filed a written "consent to distribution" of the estate without payment of the notes, reserving, however, its claim against decedent's co-guarantor. On the same date the bank withdrew its request for special notice of proceedings in the above entitled estate. *246 On April 7, 1943, the claim was approved by the judge of the Superior Court of Alameda County, California. Although the consent to distribution was in the hands of petitioners' attorney at the time, whether or not the court was advised of the action of the bank in filing such a consent to distribution does not appear. We deem this fact to be significant. On this set of facts petitioners ask us to approve the claim as a deduction from the taxable estate and contend that it is wholly immaterial that the claim will not be paid by the estate. They cite numerous cases in support, all of which we have examined. None of them involves a question of the fact of the existence of a bona fide claim. They involve the question whether a valid existing claim must be paid prior to deduction. Nor does any of them involve a consent to distribution or a waiver of rights, such as are here present. All such cases are distinguishable from the present case. Not every claim which may be presented and allowed by the probate court will be allowed as a deduction under the cited section. Only claims which are enforceable against the estate may be deducted. United States v. Mitchell, 74 Fed. (2d) 571.*247 A claim is an assertion of a right. If there be no assertion of a right or if the right to assert has been relinquished or abandoned, there is no claim. Thus, if in fact there was no claim by the bank actually pending when the court purported to approve the claim, then the court's action was a nullity and without legal effect. From the tenor of the "consent to distribution," especially its specific reservation of the claim against the co-guarantor, we conclude *726 that as to petitioners the bank had abandoned its claim and relinquished its right. It follows that the purported approval of the claim by the court was a vain and ineffective action of no legal standing or binding effect. The consequence is that, for Federal tax purposes, there was no valid or bona fide claim outstanding on the part of the bank and no basis for a deduction from the gross estate. That the approval of the petitioners' contention would lead to absurd ends is readily to be seen if it be assumed that there was a third co-guarantor who had also died and whose estate was pressing a claim identical in all respects with that of petitioners. The same facts would require, under petitioners' contention, *248 that we approve as deductions from the estate two claims of $ 175,000, neither of which will ever be paid. The statement of such a situation is its own refutation. The view we take in the instant case makes unnecessary consideration in detail of the several contentions advanced by petitioners. The situation is even stronger for the Government than that before the court in Buck v. Helvering, 73 Fed. (2d) 760, where the court said: * * * In view of this peculiar and unusual liability, a liability that in the case of a solvent and going corporation is not at all likely ever to be enforced where in practical effect the stockholders' liability is rather that of surety than that of a primary debtor, although as a matter of law the liability of the stockholder is primary, we hold that the payment by the corporation of its indebtedness should be considered as satisfying the claim against the estate as of the date of the death of the deceased. If the debt of the corporation is paid by the corporation before it is paid by the stockholder, the liability of the stockholder is extinguished. For purposes of appraisement of the estate for the fixing of the Federal*249 estate tax, the stockholders' liability should be considered as a potential claim rather than an actual claim, until it is paid by the estate or it is reasonably certain that it must be paid. In the present case the liability does not attain the dignity of a potential claim. In point of fact, there is no claim at all. The position of petitioners is much weaker than that present in Charles H. Lay, 40 B. T. A. 522, where we said: Of course, if when decedent died, there had been indebtedness to [the creditor] for money borrowed by the decedent, the claim would have been deductible in full. Doubtless, the Commissioner would not contend otherwise, but where an estate is liable only as a surety or endorser, it cannot take any deduction because of such liability where the principal has ample assets to pay the indebtedness. Cf. Buck v. Helvering, supra;Parrott v. Commissioner, 30 Fed. (2d) 792. Upon the facts presented, the respondent's determination is sustained. Decision will be entered for the respondent. Footnotes 1. SEC. 812. NET ESTATE. For the purpose of the tax the value of the net estate shall be determined, in the case of a citizen or resident of the United States by deducting from the value of the gross estate -- * * * * (b) Expenses, Losses Indebtedness, and Taxes. -- Such amounts -- * * * * (3) for claims against the estate, * * * * as are allowed by the laws of the jurisdiction, whether within or without the United States, under which the estate is being administered, but not including any income taxes upon income received after the death of the decedent, or property taxes not accrued before his death, or any estate, succession, legacy, or inheritance taxes. The deduction herein allowed in the case of claims against the estate, unpaid mortgages, or any indebtedness shall, when founded upon a promise or agreement, be limited to the extent that they were contracted bona fide and for an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth. * * *↩