Hess v. Commissioner

Carl Hess, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent Hess v. Commissioner Docket No. 6024 United States Tax Court 7 T.C. 333; 1946 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 131; July 8, 1946, Promulgated *131 Decision will be entered under Rule 50. An amount paid by the petitioner in the taxable year in part satisfaction of a guarantee given to his sister against loss of an investment in stock purchased from him, held deductible under section 23 (e) (2), I. R. C. Samuel Tenenbaum, Esq., for the petitioner. S. Earl Heilman, Esq., for the respondent. Tyson, Judge. TYSON *333 The respondent determined a deficiency of $ 400.33 in the income tax of petitioner for the year 1941. The only issue is whether the petitioner is entitled to a deduction of $ 1,100 under section 23 (e) (1) or ( 2) of the Internal Revenue Code, relating to losses sustained by individuals. FINDINGS OF FACT. The petitioner is a resident of Birmingham, Alabama. He reported his income on the cash basis for the taxable year 1941 and for the year 1933. The petitioner was secretary-treasurer of the "Parisian Company, Inc.," hereinafter referred to as the Parisian Co., a corporation *334 which conducted a mercantile business in Birmingham until it was adjudicated a bankrupt in 1933. Reta H. Lerner is a sister of the petitioner and is a resident of Memphis, Tennessee. In 1920 the Parisian Co. had an outstanding capital stock of $ 45,000, consisting of 450 shares of common stock of the par*133 value of $ 100 per share. The petitioner and several associates purchased all of this stock on November 17, 1920, for the purpose of engaging in the mercantile business. The petitioner paid $ 15,000 for 150 shares of the stock and became a director and the secretary-treasurer of the corporation. In November 1922 the Parisian Co. authorized an issue of 550 shares of preferred stock of the par value of $ 100 per share. In 1925 the petitioner sold to Reta H. Lerner 50 shares of preferred stock of the Parisian Co. which had been issued to him some time before and were owned by him at the time of the sale. Reta H. Lerner paid the petitioner $ 5,000 in cash for the stock, which she obtained by mortgaging a small apartment house owned by her and her husband. At the time of the sale the petitioner orally agreed with Reta H. Lerner that he would guarantee her against any loss on the stock for a period of 10 years from the date of the sale, and a few days later he confirmed such guaranty by letter. The petitioner used the proceeds of the sale to purchase a home for himself in Birmingham. In 1927 the Parisian Co. had outstanding 450 shares of common, 363 shares of class B common, and 550*134 shares of preferred stock; and it authorized an increase in its capital stock and provided for the issuance of 500 additional shares of class B common and 1,450 additional shares of preferred stock. In August 1929 the petitioner received in a split-up of the class B common stock 4,460 shares of such stock for 243 1/2 shares then owned by him. In 1930 the petitioner sold to Reta H. Lerner for cash 200 shares of class B common stock of the Parisian Co., at a price of $ 5 per share, or a total consideration of $ 1,000. At the time of the sale the petitioner gave Reta H. Lerner a guaranty similar to the one theretofore given her in connection with the sale to her of the 50 shares of preferred stock in 1925. On January 4, 1933, when the Parisian Co. was on the verge of bankruptcy, the petitioner, in order to protect Reta H. Lerner in the event of his death, took out a policy of insurance on his life with the Protective Life Insurance Co., for $ 5,000, naming her as beneficiary therein. Bankruptcy proceedings were instituted against the Parisian Co. early in 1933 and, as a result of those proceedings, its assets were distributed under the direction of the bankruptcy court. The stockholders, *135 including Reta H. Lerner, who owned 50 shares of preferred stock and 200 shares of class B common stock when the bankruptcy proceedings were instituted, received nothing in the distribution. *335 On March 8, 1933, the petitioner filed a voluntary petition in bankruptcy in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, and he received his discharge in bankruptcy on July 20, 1933. The petitioner did not include Reta H. Lerner in the schedule of his creditors, and Reta H. Lerner did not file any claim in the bankruptcy court. After filing his petition and prior to his discharge, to wit, in May 1933, the petitioner visited Reta H. Lerner in Memphis and informed her that the Parisian Co. had failed and that its stock was without value. She reminded him of his guaranty, and he told her that, while he would be unable for some time to repay the principal amount of her investment, he would do so when he could afford it, but that he would at once begin payment of interest on the obligation at the rate of 5 per cent, or $ 300 per year, and would pay such interest in monthly installments of $ 25 each. He confirmed this oral agreement by a letter dated May 31, 1933. *136 From May 1933 up to and including the year 1940 he paid Reta H. Lerner $ 25 per month as interest, pursuant to his agreement. On February 14, 1941, the petitioner sent Reta H. Lerner a letter reading as follows: Referring to my letter of May 31, 1933 and also the conversation I had with you in Memphis, I have started to pay you $ 100. towards the principal of this money in question beginning February 1st of this year. I am writing you this letter so we both will have a record of this transaction. * * * In February 1941 and in each of the ten following months of 1941 the petitioner, in accordance with his letter of February 14, 1941, paid Reta H. Lerner $ 100, or a total of $ 1,100. He did not pay her any amount as interest after 1940. The petitioner was not indebted to Reta H. Lerner, either during 1941 or at any other time, in any amount other than that for which he was obligated by the agreements of guaranty hereinabove mentioned. In March and April 1942 the petitioner changed the beneficiary of the policy of insurance on his life, substituting his son and two sisters other than Reta H. Lerner as beneficiaries. On May 1, 1942, he assigned the policy to Reta H. Lerner as collateral*137 security for any indebtedness which might be due her at the time of his death. The policy was in force when this proceeding was heard. In determining the deficiency the respondent held that the amount of $ 1,100 paid by the petitioner to Reta H. Lerner in 1941 and deducted on his return as a "loss on guarantee" is not an allowable deduction. OPINION. The sole issue here is whether the petitioner should be allowed to deduct the $ 1,100 which he paid to Reta H. Lerner in *336 1941. The petitioner claims the deduction under section 23 (e) of the Internal Revenue Code, 1 and contends that that amount, having been paid pursuant to the guaranty made in connection with the sale of his own stock, constitutes a loss incurred either in trade or business, or in a transaction entered into for profit though not connected with the trade or business. He relies upon R. W. Hale, 32 B. T. A. 356; affirmed on another point, 85 Fed. (2d) 819; Marjorie Fleming Lloyd-Smith, 40 B. T. A. 214; also affirmed on another point, 116 Fed. (2d) 642; certiorari denied, 313 U.S. 588;*138 and Robert S. Farrell, 44 B. T. A. 238. The respondent contends that the loss, assuming there was one, was not sustained in trade or business or in a transaction entered into for profit; and he presents two other objections which affect petitioner's right to the deduction. The first objection is that the petitioner has failed to prove that he sold his shares of stock in the Parisian Co. to Reta H. Lerner at the times and in the amounts alleged by him, or that in making such sales the petitioner contracted to guarantee Reta H. Lerner against the loss of her investment. The*139 petitioner testified that he sold to Reta H. Lerner 50 shares of preferred stock in 1925 and 200 shares of class B stock in 1930; that such shares were shares which were owned by him; and that at the time of the sales he agreed to guarantee her against loss. There is evidence in the record corroborating the petitioner's testimony and some which points the other way. We have carefully considered and weighed all the evidence in connection with this objection of respondent and have found the facts to be as testified to by petitioner and as corroborated by other evidence. The second objection of the respondent is that, as Reta H. Lerner apparently had knowledge of the bankruptcy proceedings against the petitioner (and there is no evidence that she did not), the petitioner's obligation under the guaranty was a provable debt from which the petitioner was released by virtue of his discharge in bankruptcy, and that, as the petitioner's promise to pay made after the adjudication was not sufficiently clear, distinct, unequivocal, certain, and unambiguous to revive the debt, "the guaranties were not valid obligations in 1941, and that the payments made to Mrs. Lerner in that year thus amounted*140 to gifts." We do not think this second objection of respondent is tenable. The petitioner guaranteed to pay Reta H. Lerner *337 the amount of her investment in the stock in case it was lost. After the filing of the bankruptcy proceedings against the Parisian Co., which resulted in the extinction of all value of its stock, and, in May 1933, after petitioner had filed his petition in bankruptcy, he told Reta H. Lerner that the stock was worthless and that, while he would be unable for some time to repay the principal amount of her investment, he would do so when he could afford it, but that he would at once begin payment of interest at the rate of 5 per cent. The evidence shows that this promise was reduced to writing and that the principal to the extent of $ 1,100 was repaid in accordance therewith, as well as interest for various years. The action of the petitioner was not a mere acknowledgment of the obligation or a mere expression of an intention to pay, as the respondent contends. Though the promise was conditional, it was a valid condition and not void for uncertainty. It was sufficient to revive the debt. In such cases, the happening of the contingency (ability to*141 pay), when properly alleged and proven, is all that is necessary to sustain an action against the promisor. 8 C. J. 2d, § 583, pp. 1575, 1576; 6 Am. Jur., § 533, p. 833; Griel v. Solomon, 82 Ala. 85; 2 So. 322; Kraus v. Torry, 146 Ala. 548; 40 So. 956; Torrey v. Kraus, 149 Ala. 200; 43 So. 184; Dantzler v. Scheuer, 203 Ala. 89; 82 So. 103; Brashears v. Coombs, 174 Ky. 344; 192 S. W. 482; Taylor v. Nixon, 4 Snead 352 (Tenn.). Since the debt was revived by reason of a new promise there is no basis for the respondent's contention that a "valid" obligation to pay did not exist in 1941. The petitioner does not seriously press his contention that the loss was incurred in his trade or business, and we see no reason for holding, on the facts, that it was so incurred. The allowability of the deduction therefore must turn upon the determination of whether or not the loss was *142 incurred by the petitioner in a transaction entered into for profit. Upon this question we think that the cases of R. W. Hale, supra, and Marjorie Fleming Lloyd-Smith, supra, support the position of the petitioner and are decisive. The material facts in the Hale case are as follows: The taxpayer and his brother, who were partners, purchased stock of a corporation on June 6, 1929. A few weeks later they sold the stock to their sister at the same price which they had paid for it, subject to a written guaranty, effective for one year, to reimburse her for any loss which she might sustain upon the sale of the stock. In December of the same year she sold the stock at a loss and the taxpayer paid her his share of the loss pursuant to the guaranty. The Government, taking the view that the transaction which resulted in the loss consisted solely of the sale to the sister, argued that the transaction was not one for profit because the stock was sold to her at cost and that consequently, *338 there being no possibility of profit, the transaction could not have been entered into for profit. The Board of Tax Appeals rejected*143 this view, and said, at page 357: Respondent's position is based on the theory that the transaction which resulted in the loss in each case was the sale to Lura Hale. That was only one of several steps, all of which can and must be retraced to find the origin of the transaction. We thus go back to June 6, 1929, when the stock was acquired by petitioners. That acquisition marked the inception of a "transaction entered into for profit" within the meaning of the statute. The principle of relation back to inception is fundamental in the tax statutes. In order to determine gain or loss the amount realized is compared with the basis, and the basis is a figure determined as of the time of acquisition -- with a few exceptions, as, for instance, acquisition prior to March 1, 1913. Following a transaction through, it is ordinarily ended and gain or loss computed when property is sold. But there are exceptions to that rule. Under the statute the amount of gain is the "amount realized" in excess of the basis and the amount of loss is excess of the basis over the "amount realized". Sec. 111, Revenue Act of 1928. In the present case, when at the end of the year the taxpayers cast up their*144 accounts they found that the amount realized after making good this guaranty was less than the basis. Consequently they suffered a loss in 1929 arising out of a transaction entered into for profit, which loss is an allowable deduction. We need not, and do not, decide what the answer would be had the guaranty been satisfied in a later year. Here the material facts are similar to those in the Hale case, except that there the guaranty was for one year while here it was for ten years; and there the loss sustained through payment on the guaranty was sustained in the same year in which the taxpayer acquired the stock, while here the loss sustained through payments on the guaranty was sustained by the taxpayer some years after he acquired the stock. We think that the difference between the facts in the Hale case and those in the present case does not prevent application here of the principle of the Hale case. This principle was applied in Marjorie Fleming Lloyd-Smith, supra. In that case a "general" trust, of which the taxpayer was the sole beneficiary of both the income and corpus, in 1924 invested $ 4,000,000 of the trust funds in stock of *145 a lumber company. In 1927 that company issued bonds in the amount of $ 3,000,000, payment of which was unconditionally guaranteed by the taxpayer and two others. In 1932 the financial condition of the lumber company was bad and continued to grow worse; and in that year it was disclosed that the two other guarantors were insolvent and that the bondholders were looking to the taxpayer, as the only guarantor financially responsible, to satisfy the major part of the guaranty. Under those circumstances, a compromise plan of readjustment was worked out between the bondholders and the taxpayer, and in 1933 the taxpayer paid $ 45,003.93 as expenses incurred in working out the plan. In holding that the taxpayer was entitled to deduct *339 that amount in 1933 as a loss arising out of "a transaction entered into for profit" under section 23 (e) (2), we said (p. 222): The transaction involving this guaranty began when $ 4,000,000 of the trust funds were invested in the stock of the Sugar Pine Lumber Co. * * * The payments in connection with the guaranty were not made until 1933. * * * These expenditures occurred for the sole purpose of reducing her liability under the guaranty. As *146 such, they are deductible as losses on a transaction entered into for profit. See Commissioner v. Bacher, 102 Fed. (2d) 500, which cites the Hale case with approval. Upon the authority of the Hale and Marjorie Fleming Lloyd-Smith cases, we hold that the petitioner is entitled to the deduction of $ 1,100 as a loss under section 23 (e) (2) of the Internal Revenue Code. Decision will be entered under Rule 50. Footnotes 1. SEC. 23. DEDUCTIONS FROM GROSS INCOME. In computing net income there shall be allowed as deductions: * * * * (e) Losses by Individuals. -- In the case of an individual, losses sustained during the taxable year and not compensated for by insurance or otherwise -- (1) if incurred in trade or business; or (2) if incurred in any transaction entered into for profit, though not connected with the trade or business; * * *↩