Westfeldt v. Commissioner

GEORGE G. WESTFELDT, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT. MRS. GEORGE G. WESTFELDT, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT. Westfeldt v. Commissioner Docket Nos. 20611, 20612. United States Board of Tax Appeals 19 B.T.A. 1298; 1930 BTA LEXIS 2236; May 29, 1930, Promulgated *2236 1. In computing an individual's tax liability for the calendar year 1924, where the individual, who reports on the calendar year basis, sustained a "capital net loss" during the year, and is a member of a partnership whose fiscal year ends during 1924, the amount to be placed in the lower brackets of the rate schedule applicable to the year 1924 under the provisions of section 207(b) of the Revenue Act of 1924 is the amount of the "ordinary net income" subject to the rates for the year 1924, undiminished by any part of the "capital net loss." Section 208(c) of the Revenue Act of 1924. 2. The provisions of Title XII of the Revenue Act of 1924, do not authorize a 25 per cent reduction of tax on that part of the calendar year 1924 income which is taxable at 1923 rates under section 207(b) of the Revenue Act of 1924. Charles Colip,5 B.T.A. 123, followed. Thos. A. Dubourg, C.P.A., for the petitioners. R. W. Wilson, Esq., for the respondent. LOVE *1298 These proceedings, which were consolidated, are for the redetermination of deficiencies for the calendar year 1924 in the amounts of $203.99 and $2,969.96, respectively. The*2237 issues remaining in the case of each petitioner are identical, namely, (1) whether the respondent erred in computing the surtax on that portion of the income of each petitioner subject to the rates in effect during the year 1923, and (2) whether the 25 per cent reduction provided by Title XII of the Revenue Act of 1924 is applicable to that part of petitioners' calendar year 1924 tax liability which is subject to the rates in effect for the calendar year 1923 under the provisions of section 207(b) *1299 of the Revenue Act of 1924. The latter issue was raised by an amendment to each of the petitions. In the case of petitioner George G. Westfeldt, the respondent has confessed error with respect to the following assignment thereof, to wit: The Commissioner erred in reducing the petitioner's earned income from $10,000 to $5,326.27, thereby reducing the petitioner's earned income credit from $59.50 to $16.38. FINDINGS OF FACT. Petitioners are individuals residing at New Orleans, La. They each filed income-tax returns for the calendar year 1924, and reported therein income from a partnership operating under the name of Westfeldt Brothers, whose fiscal year ended June 30, 1924. *2238 During the year 1924 petitioner George G. Westfeldt sustained a "capital net loss" in the amount of $1,284.80, and petitioner Mrs. George G. Westfeldt sustained a "capital net loss" in the amount of $24,381. During the calendar year 1924 petitioners received the following items of income and were allowed the following deductions: Income and deductions Geo. G. Westfeldt Mrs. Westfeldt INCOME Income from partnership of Westfeldt Bros. for fiscal year ended June 30, 1924: 6/12 taxable at 1923 rates $24,381.35 $24,381.35 6/12 taxable at 1924 rates 24,381.35 24,381.35 Other income taxable at 1924 rates 28,368.24 28,368.24 Total items of income 77,130.94 77,130.94 DEDUCTIONS Interest paid 6,802.89 6,802.89 Contributions allowed 3,117.01 3,117.02 Total deductions 9,919.90 9,919.91 Amount of income less deductions 67,211.0 67,211.03 OPINION. LOVE: For convenience we will, in this opinion, refer only to the facts in connection with petitioner George G. Westfeldt and discuss these proceedings as if he were the sole petitioner, since the questions at issue in both proceedings are the same, the only difference being in the amount of "contributions" *2239 and "capital net loss" of each. With respect to the first issue, it is petitioner's contention that the respondent erred in computing the surtax on that portion of his income subject to the rates in effect for the year 1923, in that he *1300 began the "next higher brackets" referred to in section 207(b) of the Revenue Act of 1924 at $42,829.69 instead of $41,544.89. Petitioner arrived at the amount of $41,544.89 as follows: Taxable at Taxable at 1923 rates 1924 rates Partnership income $24,381.35 $24,381.35 Other income 28,368.24 Total income 24,381.35 52,749.59 Deduct: Interest paid 6,802.89 Contributions allowed 3,117.01 "Capital net loss" 1,284.80 Total alleged deductions None. 11,204.70 Alleged net income 24,381.35 41,544.89 The respondent arrived at the amount of $42,829.69 as follows: Taxable at Taxable at 1923 rates 1924 rates Partnership income $24,381.35 $24,381.35 Other income 28,368.24 Total gross income 24,381.35 52,749.59 Deduct: Interest paid 6,802.89 Contributions allowed 3,117.01 Total deductions None. 9,919.90 "Ordinary net income" 24,381.35 42,829.69 *2240 The amount of tax liability in dispute on this point is $157.99, which is the difference in surtax on that portion of petitioner's income taxable at 1923 rates, as computed by the respondent and petitioner, respectively. By commencing the surtax brackets at $42,829.69, as the respondent has done, the surtax on the $24,381.35 taxable at 1923 rates is $6,097.78, computed as follows: Brackets 1923 rates, sec. 211(a)(2), 1921 Act Surtax $42,829.69 to $44,000.00 19 per cent on $1,170.31 $222.36 $44,000.00 to $46,000.00 20 per cent on 2,000.00 400.00 $46,000.00 to $48,000.00 21 per cent on 2,000.00 420.00 $48,000.00 to $50,000.00 22 per cent on 2,000.00 440.00 $50,000.00 to $52,000.00 23 per cent on 2,000.00 460.00 $52,000.00 to $54,000.00 24 per cent on 2,000.00 480.00 $54,000.00 to $56,000.00 25 per cent on 2,000.00 500.00 $56,000.00 to $58,000.00 26 per cent on 2,000.00 520.00 $58,000.00 to $60,000.00 27 per cent on 2,000.00 540.00 $60,000.00 to $62,000.00 28 per cent on 2,000.00 560.00 $62,000.00 to $64,000.00 29 per cent on 2,000.00 580.00 $64,000.00 to $66,000.00 30 per cent on 2,000.00 600.00 $66,000.00 to $67,211.04 31 per cent on 1,211.04 375.42 Total surtax on 24,381.35 6,097.78 *2241 Petitioner contends that the surtax brackets on the income taxable at 1923 rates should begin at $41,544.89, which would result in a *1301 surtax of $5,939.79 or $157.99 less than the amount determined by the respondent. The details of petitioner's computation follow: Brackets 1923 rates, sec. 211(a)(2), 1921 Act Surtax $41,544.89 to $42,000.00 18 per cent on $455.11 $81.92 $42,000.00 to $44,000.00 19 per cent on 2,000.00 380.00 $44,000.00 to $64,000.00 20 to 29 per cent on 20,000.00 4,900.00 (same as respondent) $64,000.00 to $65,926.24 30 per cent on 1,926.24 577.87 Total surtax on 24,381.35 5,939.79 The sections of the Revenue Act of 1924 primarily applicable to the facts before us are sections 208(c), 208(a), (7), and 207(b). That portion of section 208(c) which is material here provides: (c) In the case of any taxpayer (other than a corporation) who for any taxable year sustains a capital net loss, there shall be levied, collected, and paid, in lieu of the taxes imposed by sections 210 and 211 of this title, a tax determined as follows: A partial tax shall first be computed upon the basis of the ordinary*2242 net income at the rates and in the manner provided in sections 210 and 211, and the total tax shall be this amount minus 12 1/2 per centum of the capital net loss; * * * (Italics supplied.) Section 208(a)(7) provides: (7) The term "ordinary net income" means the net income, computed in accordance with the provisions of this title, after excluding all items of capital gain, capital loss, and capital deductions * * *. (Italics supplied.) Section 207(b) provides: (b) If a fiscal year of a partnership begins in one calendar year and ends in another calendar year, and the law applicable to the second calendar year is different from the law applicable to the first calendar year, then (1) the rates for the calendar year during which such fiscal year begins shall apply to an amount of each partner's share of such partnership net income (determined under the law applicable to such calendar tear) equal to the proportion which the part of such fiscal year falling within such calendar year bears to the full fiscal year, and (2) the rates for the calendar year during which such fiscal year ends shall apply to an amount of each partner's share of such partnership net income*2243 (determined under the law applicable to such calendar year) equal to the proportion which the part of such fiscal year falling within such calendar year bears to the full fiscal year. In such cases the part of such income subject to the rates in effect for the most recent calendar year shall be added to the other income of the taxpayer subject to such rates and the resulting amount shall be placed in the lower brackets of the rate schedule applicable to such year, and the part of such income subject to the rates in effect for the next preceding calendar year shall be placed in the next higher brackets of the rate schedule applicable to such year. (Italics supplied.) During the year 1924 petitioner sustained a "capital net loss" in the amount of $1,284.80. The computation of his tax liability must, therefore, commence with section 208(c), supra. This section says that a partial tax shall first be computed upon the basis of the *1302 "ordinary net income." What was the "ordinary net income" of petitioner for the calendar year 1924? The term is defined by section 208(a)(7), supra, as the "net income" after excluding all items of capital loss. Section 218(a) *2244 of the Revenue Act of 1924 provides: Individuals carrying on business in partnership shall be liable for income tax only in their individual capacity. There shall be included in computing the net income of each partner his distributive share, whether distributed or not of the net income of the partnership for the taxable year, or, if his net income for such taxable year is computed upon the basis of a period different from that upon the basis of which the net income of the partnership is computed, then his distributive share of the net income of the partnership for any accounting period of the partnership ending within the taxable year upon the basis of which the partner's net income is computed. (Italics supplied.) In other words, section 218(a), supra, provides that where an individual reports on the calendar year basis and derives income from a partnership which reports on a fiscal year basis, the individual's entire distributive share of the net income of the partnership for the full fiscal year is a part of the individual's net income for the calendar year, and we have consistently so held in a long line of decisions following *2245 . It follows that, after excluding all items of capital loss, the "ordinary net income" of petitioner for the calendar year 1924 is $67,211.04. Were it not for section 207(b), supra, the "partial tax" provided for in section 208(c), supra, would be computed upon the basis of the entire amount of $67,211.04 at the rates and in the manner provided in sections 210 and 211, but section 207(b) makes it mandatory that $24,381.35 of the $67,211.04 be taxed at "the rates for the calendar year during which such fiscal year begins," namely, at the rates for the year 1923, and thereby leaving $42,829.69 of the $67,211.04 to be taxed at the rates for the year 1924. We now come to the very essence of the question, which involves the last sentence of section 207(b) set out in italics above and section 208(c). The respondent contends that, in computing the tax liability under the latter section, a "partial tax" shall first be computed upon the basis of $42,829.69 "of the ordinary net income at the rates and in the manner provided in sections 210 and 211," and upon the basis of $24,381.35 "of the ordinary net income" at the rates in effect*2246 for the year 1923; that in computing the partial tax on $24,381.35 "of the ordinary net income" under the provisions of the last sentence of section 207(b), the "part of such income subject to the rates in effect for the most recent calendar year (1924)," to wit, $24,381.35 (the amount of partnership net income applicable to the last six months of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1924) "shall be added to the other income of the taxpayer subject to such rates," to wit, $18,448.34 (other income $28,368.24 minus total *1303 deductions of $9,919.90 set out in our findings), "and the resulting amount," to wit, $42,829.69 (sum of $24,381.35 and $18,448.34), "shall be placed in the lower brackets of the rate schedule applicable to such year (1924) and the part of such income subject to the rates in effect for the next preceding calendar year (1923)," to wit, $24,381.35 (the amount of partnership net income applicable to the first six months of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1924), "shall be placed in the next higher brackets of the rate schedule applicable to such year" (1923); and that in accordance with section 208(c) "the total tax shall be this amount (the sum of the*2247 partial tax on $42,829.69 and $24,381.35, respectively) minus 12 1/2 per centum of the capital net loss." Petitioner contends that in computing the tax liability under section 208(c), a "partial tax" shall first be computed upon the basis of only $42,829.69 "of the ordinary net income at the rates and in the manner provided in sections 210 and 211"; that "the total tax shall be this amount (the amount of the partial tax on $42,829.69) minus 12 1/2 per centum of the capital net loss"; that in computing the tax under the provisions of section 207(b) the "part of such income subject to the rates in effect for the most recent calendar year (1924)," to wit, $24,381.35 (the amount of partnership net income applicable to the last six months of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1924), "shall be added to the other income of the taxpayer subject to such rates," to wit, $17,163.54 (other income $28,368.24 minus total deductions of $9,919.90 set out in our findings, and minus $1,284.80, the amount of the capital net loss ), "and the resulting amount," to wit, $41,544.89 (sum of $24,381.35 and $17,163.54), "shall be placed in the lower brackets of the rate schedule applicable to*2248 such year (1924) and the part of such income subject to the rates in effect for the next preceding calendar year (1923)," to wit, $24,381.35 (the amount of partnership net income applicable to the first six months of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1924), "shall be placed in the next higher brackets of the rate schedule applicable to such year." The real question is whether the amount of $42,829.69 or $41,544.89 is to be placed in the lower brackets, and the answer lies in whether, under the provisions of the last sentence of section 207(b), the "part of such income ($24,381.35, last six months) subject to the rates in effect for the most recent calendar year (1924) shall be added to the other income ($18,448.34, as determined by the respondent, or $17,163.54, as contended for by petitioners) of the taxpayer subject to such rates." Whether the "other income" referred to in section 207(b), supra, is $18,448.34 or $17,163.54 depends upon whether the "capital net loss" in the amount of $1,284.80 is an allowable deduction from the "other income" of $28,368.24 set out in our findings *1304 in addition to the deductions allowed for interest and contributions, totaling*2249 $9,919.90. If the "capital net loss" is an allowable deduction the amount of the "other income" referred to in section 207(b) is $17,163.54; if not, it is $18,448.34, as determined by the respondent. Petitioner contends that the words "other income" referred to in section 207(b), supra, mean "other net income" and that in determining this alleged "net income" he is entitled, under section 214(a)(5) of the Revenue Act of 1924, to a deduction for all "losses sustained during the taxable year and not compensated for by insurance or otherwise, if incurred in any transaction entered into for profit." We think such a contention is contrary to the specific provisions of the statute. Section 208(a)(6) defines the term "capital net loss" and section 208(c) specifically provides how the tax is to be computed in the case of any taxpayer (other than a corporation) who sustains a "capital net loss." It provides that a partial tax shall be computed upon the basis of the "ordinary net income," a term which section 208(a)(7) defines as the net income exclusive of all items of "capital gain, capital loss, and capital deductions." We find no authority anywhere in the Act to treat a "capital*2250 net loss" sustained by an individual in any other manner than that set forth in section 208(c), supra. Under such circumstances, namely, where an individual who reports on the calendar year basis sustains a "capital net loss" during the year, we think the words "other income" used in section 207(b), supra, refer to "other ordinary net income" which in the instant case is the amount of $18,448.34, as determined by the respondent. Petitioner further contends that in substance section 208(c), supra, is nothing more than a rate schedule, in that, when it computes a partial tax on $42,829.69 and deducts therefrom 12 1/2 per centum of the "capital net loss" of $1,284.80, it has in effect merely computed a tax on $41,544.89, but at rates higher than those specified in sections 210 and 211, and that this is, therefore, the amount which should be placed in the lower brackets referred to in section 207(b) above. We see no merit in this contention. Section 208(c) provides that a partial tax shall first be computed upon the basis of the ordinary net income. This we have determined to be $67,211.04, $24,381.35 of which is taxable at 1923 rates under the provisions of section 207(b), *2251 supra, and the balance, or $42,829.69, is taxable at the rates in effect for the year 1924. From the sum of the two resulting computations there should be deducted, under the provisions of section 208(c), supra, 12 1/2 per centum of the capital net loss. Petitioner finally contends that, if any doubt exists as to the meaning of sections 207(b) and 208(c), supra, such doubt should be resolved in his favor, and cites as authority therefor ; and . This would be true if doubt existed, but, in our opinion, the statute is clear and the construction asked for by petitioner is not warranted by law. The respondent's determination on this issue is approved. The second issue must be decided adversely to petitioners on the ground of our decisions in , and . See, contra, Maddison v. White, (U.S. Dist. Ct., Dist. Mass., Nov. 14, 1929, and reported at page 8056 of vol. III, C.C.H., 1930, Federal Tax Service). *2252 The deficiency of petitioner George G. Westfeldt should be redetermined so as to correct the error admitted at the hearing. The deficiency of petitioner Mrs. George G. Westfeldt is approved. Judgment will be entered under Rule 50.