United States v. Rodarte-Vasquez

488 F.3d 316 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Roman RODARTE-VASQUEZ, also known as Carlos Carrillo-Lopez, also known as Roman Rodriguez-Meza, Defendant-Appellant. and United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Juan A. Ramirez-Ramirez, also known as Juan Ramirez-Rodriguez, also known as Juan Anatalio Ramirez-Ramirez, Defendant-Appellant. No. 04-50224. No. 04-50257. United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit. May 23, 2007. Joseph H. Gay, Jr., Asst. U.S. Atty., Mara A. Blatt (argued), San Antonio, TX, for U.S. M. Carolyn Fuentes, Lucien B. Campbell, Fed. Pub. Def., Henry Joseph Bemporad (argued), San Antonio, TX, for Defendant-Appellant. Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas. Before JONES, Chief Judge, and WIENER and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges. RHESA HAWKINS BARKSDALE, Circuit Judge: — 1 — Roman Rodarte-Vasquez and Juan A. Ramirez-Ramirez (defendants) pleaded guilty in 2003 in unrelated cases to illegal reentry after deportation, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326. In this consolidated appeal, they primarily contend their Sentencing Guidelines' offense-level enhancements, imposed as a result of their prior alien-smuggling convictions, are improper in the light of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 244, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005) (holding, inter alia, Sixth Amendment right to jury trial requires "[a]ny fact (other than a prior conviction) . . . necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt"). They also contend: the district courts' application of the 2003 version of the Guidelines constituted an ex post facto violation; and 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)'s sentence-enhancing provisions are unconstitutional, in the light of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000). — 2 — Resentencing is required. But, under the post-Booker advisory guidelines regime, the new sentences can conceivably be the same as those being vacated. CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED; SENTENCES VACATED; REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING. I. — 3 — In separate cases before different district judges, Rodarte and Ramirez pleaded guilty in 2003, without written plea agreements, to illegal reentry after deportation. Rodarte had been deported in 1992, after being convicted of transporting illegal aliens, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(B); Ramirez, in 1990, after being convicted, inter alia, of harboring illegal aliens, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(C) (collectively, either prior convictions or prior offenses). — 4 — For defendants' sentencing in 2003, the Presentence Investigation Report (PSR) for each used the 2003 version of the Guidelines and, for those prior convictions, recommended a 16-level enhancement, pursuant to § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(vii) (applicable "[i]f the defendant previously was deported, or unlawfully remained in the United States, after . . . a conviction for a felony that is . . . an alien smuggling offense"). Rodarte's recommended Guidelines' sentencing range was 46 to 57 months; Ramirez', 57 to 71 months. — 5 — Defendants filed similar objections to the PSR, contending, inter alia, the enhancement was improper under the "categorical approach", first articulated in Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 110 S.Ct. 2143, 109 L.Ed.2d 607 (1990). That approach limits a sentencing court's determination of whether a prior offense qualifies for a sentencing enhancement to the elements of the offense, rather than the facts underlying the conviction. At the time, this contention (as Ramirez recognized in district court) was contrary to United States v. Sanchez-Garcia, 319 F.3d 677, 678 (5th Cir.2003) (rejecting the "categorical approach" for purposes of applying the 16-level enhancement under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(vii)). (Sanchez-Garcia is discussed infra.) Accordingly, they maintained, inter alia: the 2002 version of the Guidelines (2002 Guidelines) was in effect at the time of their illegal-reentry offenses; the 2002 Guidelines restricted the enhancement only to those prior alien-smuggling offenses "committed for profit"; the statutes under which they received their prior convictions did not contain a "committed for profit" element; the 2003 version (2003 Guidelines), however, applied the enhancement to prior alien-smuggling offenses, the "committed for profit" element having been removed; and, therefore, the 2002 Guidelines should apply because use of the 2003 Guidelines constituted an ex post facto violation. — 6 — Defendants' separate sentencing hearings in 2003 were conducted prior to Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 301, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004) ("`[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt'" (quoting Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348)), and Booker, 543 U.S. at 244, 125 S.Ct. 738 (inter alia, extending Blakely to the Guidelines). Their ex post facto objections were overruled. — 7 — At Rodarte's sentencing, the district judge stated the 2003 amendment to the Guidelines, which removed the "committed for profit" element, was "simply for clarification [and] . . . [did not] change the underlying guideline". At Ramirez' sentencing, another district judge stated that, particularly in the light of Ramirez' offense reports, the 16-level increase was appropriate under either the 2002 or 2003 Guidelines. At each sentencing, the district judge relied on underlying offense reports for the prior convictions to find the offenses were "committed for profit". It appears the district judges made the "committed for profit" finding because the 2003 Guidelines' commentary, explaining the amendment to the 2002 Guidelines, states: "[The new] definition [for `alien smuggling offense'] generally is consistent with the guideline's previous terminology of `alien smuggling offense committed for profit,' and results in a 16 level increase only for the most serious of such offenses". U.S.S.G. app. C-II, amend. 658 at 401 (2003). — 8 — Rodarte and Ramirez were respectively sentenced, inter alia, to 46 and 57 months' imprisonment for their illegal-reentry convictions. For Rodarte, an eight-month consecutive sentence for revocation of supervised release was also imposed, resulting in a 54-month total sentence. II. — 9 — Booker was decided while these consolidated appeals were pending in our court. Therefore, they were held pending a post-Booker decision in United States v. Loredo-Torres, 164 Fed.Appx. 523 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 2343, 164 L.Ed.2d 857 (2006), on remand from the Supreme Court for further consideration in the light of Booker. Loredo-Torres was decided, however, without providing guidance on whether Booker abrogated our court's earlier-described holding in Sanchez-Garcia. Because the parties' initial briefs were filed pre-Booker, they were directed to submit supplemental briefs, addressing the implications of Booker on Sanchez-Garcia. That issue is addressed before turning, inter alia, to the ex post facto issue. A. — 10 — Before considering whether, in the light of Booker, the enhancements were erroneously imposed, we must address whether such error was preserved. As discussed below, that error was not preserved. Therefore, only plain-error review is accorded defendants' Bookerissue. 1. — 11 — In their supplemental briefs, consistent with their reliance on Blakely in their initial briefs, defendants primarily contend they should be resentenced in the light of Booker because the district courts' finding their prior alien-smuggling offenses were "committed for profit" constituted Sixth Amendment error. The Government maintains defendants' objections at sentencing were insufficient to preserve Booker error. Although Rodarte and Ramirez acknowledge their objections in district court for this issue mentioned neither the Sixth Amendment nor Apprendi, they contend their Taylor-based ex post facto objections adequately preserved Booker error. — 12 — In order to preserve Booker error for, as here, a pre-Booker sentence, a defendant need not explicitly cite Apprendi, Blakely, or the Sixth Amendment. See United States v. Akpan, 407 F.3d 360, 376 (5th Cir.2005). "If a defendant voices [an] objection[] sufficient to apprise the sentencing court that he is raising a constitutional claim with respect to judicial fact-finding in the sentencing process, the error is preserved." United States v. Castaneda-Barrientos, 448 F.3d 731, 732 (5th Cir.2006) (emphasis added) (citing United States v. Olis, 429 F.3d 540, 543-44 (5th Cir.2005)). The objection, however, should be couched in terms that facts used to enhance the sentence were not proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. See Akpan, 407 F.3d at 376-77 (finding one defendant, who had objected on the ground the sentencing fact "had not been proven at trial", had preserved Booker error, but finding the other defendant, who did not "couch his arguments . . . in the same terms", did not preserve such error). — 13 — In objecting, Rodarte claimed: to look beyond Taylor-approved evidence would "not . . . fall under the categorical approach as espoused by the Fifth Circuit and the Supreme Court"; and to adhere to that approach would "create uniformity in the system, and avoid . . . mini-trials . . . at sentencing". Earlier, he had stated: "[T]here were no jury instructions to be available to make [the committed-for-profit] determination [for the prior offenses]". — 14 — Ramirez' objection highlighted textual similarities between Guidelines § 2L1.2 and the statute at issue in Taylor; he then maintained: "[T]he court should not authorize mini-trials on conduct that is very remote . . . absent some clear unambiguous indication from the sentencing commission". — 15 — Contrary to defendants' contentions, citing to Taylor does not place a sentencing court on sufficient notice that the objection raises a constitutional violation. In addressing the narrow issue of "whether the sentencing court in applying [18 U.S.C.] § 924(e) must look only to the statutory definitions of the prior offenses, or whether the court may consider other evidence concerning the defendant's prior crimes", 495 U.S. at 600, 110 S.Ct. 2143, Taylor focused primarily on the statute's plain language and legislative history. Id. at 600-01, 110 S.Ct. 2143. At the conclusion of its analysis, while discussing "the practical difficulties and potential unfairness of a factual approach", id. at 601, 110 S.Ct. 2143, Taylor asked whether, "[i]f a sentencing court were to conclude, from its own review of the record, that the defendant actually committed a generic burglary, . . . the defendant [could] challenge this conclusion as abridging his right to a jury trial". Id. Taylor did not, however, further address that question. — 16 — Accordingly, neither defendant "adequately apprised the court that he was raising a constitutional error with respect to [judicial fact-finding]". Olis, 429 F.3d at 544 (emphasis added). Importantly, unlike several other cases in our court in which Booker error was preserved, neither defendant referenced a violation of his jury-trial rights or the need to prove facts beyond a reasonable doubt. See Castaneda-Barrientos, 448 F.3d at 732 (Booker error preserved where defendant "referenced Apprendi and specifically stated he was challenging the constitutionality of the court's fact-finding regarding his prior conviction for an alien smuggling offense" (emphasis added)); United States v. Sudeen, 434 F.3d 384, 393-94 (5th Cir.2005) (Booker error preserved where defendant's sentencing comments characterized district court's factual determination as "an issue the jury has to decide"); Olis, 429 F.3d at 544 (Booker error preserved where defendant "repeatedly objected . . . to both the district court's [factual finding] and the burden of proof utilized by the court. His objections . . . alerted the court to cases that acknowledged the potential for a constitutional violation when sentencing facts are not found by at least clear and convincing evidence" (emphasis added) (footnote omitted)); Akpan, 407 F.3d at 376 (Booker error preserved where defendant objected on the ground the sentencing fact "had not been proven at trial"). But see United States v. McCrimmon, 443 F.3d 454, 458-59 (5th Cir.) ("Though not expressly alleging a Sixth Amendment violation [at his pre-Blakely/Booker sentencing, defendant's] . . . contest[ing] the consideration of facts pertaining to any quantity of drugs exceeding the [amount admitted to] . . . . sufficiently invokes the alleged Booker error." (footnote omitted)), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1120, 126 S.Ct. 1931, 164 L.Ed.2d 679 (2006). — 17 — In sum, defendants' reliance in district court on Taylor, without more, is insufficient to preserve Booker error. At best, their objections captured only the "essence" of such error. See United States v. Bringier, 405 F.3d 310, 316 (5th Cir.) (defendant's sentencing objections, which did not explicitly reference Blakely or the Sixth Amendment, did not preserve Booker error; our court rejected defendant's contention that his objections captured the "essence" of Blakely and the Sixth Amendment), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 264, 163 L.Ed.2d 238 (2005). That was not sufficient to put the district courts on notice of the now-claimed constitutional error. 2. — 18 — As noted, because the claimed Booker error was not preserved by either defendant, we review only for plain error. For such review, a defendant must show (1) a plain ("clear" or "obvious") error that (2) affected his substantial rights. E.g., United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-35, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993); see also FED.R.CRIM.P. 52(b). If the defendant does so, our court "`may then exercise its discretion to notice a forfeited error but only if . . . the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings'". United States v. Mares, 402 F.3d 511, 520 (5th Cir.) (quoting United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 631, 122 S.Ct. 1781, 152 L.Ed.2d 860 (2002)), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 43, 163 L.Ed.2d 76 (2005). — 19 — Sentencing a defendant, as in the instant cases, contrary to Booker establishes the requisite "plain-error" prong. See, e.g., id. at 520-21. To satisfy the "substantial-rights" prong, Rodarte and Ramirez must each demonstrate, "with a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome, that if the judge had sentenced him under [the post-Booker] advisory sentencing regime rather than [the pre-Booker] mandatory one, he would have received a lesser sentence". United States v. Infante, 404 F.3d 376, 395 (5th Cir.2005) (citing Mares, 402 F.3d at 521). — 20 — As they conceded at oral argument here, defendants have not met this burden; there is no indication they would have been given a lesser sentence under the post-Booker advisory regime. Although each was sentenced at the bottom of his Guidelines' sentencing range, that, alone, "does not indicate that there is a reasonable probability that the [sentencing] court would have imposed a lesser sentence under [the post-Booker] advisory sentencing guidelines". United States v. Duarte-Juarez, 441 F.3d 336, 339 (5th Cir.) (emphasis added), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 161, 166 L.Ed.2d 114 (2006). Accordingly, there is no reversible plain error for this Booker issue. B. — 21 — Defendants' ex post facto claim achieves the resentencing result for which Booker error is claimed. Their success, however, may only be fleeting because, when resentenced under the now advisory guidelines regime, the new sentences can conceivably be the same as those vacated today. — 22 — "A sentencing court must apply the version of the sentencing guidelines effective at the time of sentencing unless application of that version would violate the Ex Post Facto Clause of the Constitution." United States v. Kimler, 167 F.3d 889, 893 (5th Cir.1999); see also U.S.S.G. §§ 1B1.11(a), (b)(1). Such a violation occurs when application of the Guidelines in effect at sentencing results in a harsher penalty than would application of the Guidelines in effect when the offense was committed. Kimler, 167 F.3d at 893. Accordingly, in claiming an ex post facto violation, defendants contend they should have been sentenced under the 2002, rather than the 2003, Guidelines. As discussed supra, they maintain: under the 2002 Guidelines, which restricted the enhancement to prior alien-smuggling offenses "committed for profit", they would not have been subject to the 16-level enhancement because, under the proper Taylor categorical approach, the district courts could not have relied on defendants' offense reports to make the "committed for profit" finding. — 23 — We review a district court's application of the Guidelines de novo; its findings of fact, only for clear error. See United States v. Butler, 429 F.3d 140, 153 (5th Cir.2005), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 2049, 164 L.Ed.2d 784 (2006). This standard of review is applied, inter alia, to those cases, such as the ones at hand, on direct appeal when Booker was decided, where the district court had sentenced under the Booker-rejected mandatory guidelines regime. Id. at 153 n. 6 (citation omitted). — 24 — The Government maintains: there was no error — or if error was committed, it was harmless — in the use of the 2003 Guidelines because defendants' sentences would have been the same under either the 2002 or 2003 Guidelines. In support, it: relies on United States v. Solis-Campozano, 312 F.3d 164 (5th Cir.2002), for the proposition that a prior conviction for transporting or harboring an unlawful alien is per se a committed-for-profit alien-smuggling offense; and contends the amendment to the 2003 Guidelines reflects this. Solis-Campozano, however, held only that "each of the various offenses listed in [§ 1324(a)(1)(A)] . . . is `an alien smuggling offense[ ]' for the purposes of . . . § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(vii)". Id. at 168. Solis-Campozano does not suggest such an offense is per se an "alien smuggling offense committed for profit" for purposes of the 2002 Guidelines. U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(vii) (emphasis added). — 25 — The Government further claims our court's decision in 2003 in Sanchez-Garcia, 319 F.3d at 678 (rejecting the "categorical approach" for purposes of applying the 16-level increase under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(vii)), forecloses defendants' ex post facto claim because it validates the district courts' "committed for profit" fact-finding. Defendants counter that Blakely (2004), and especially Booker (2005), abrogated Sanchez-Garcia (2003), thus requiring application of Taylor's "categorical approach". — 26 — It goes without saying that one basis upon which a panel of this court can overrule a prior panel decision is if compelled "by controlling Supreme Court precedent". See Martin v. Medtronic, Inc., 254 F.3d 573, 577 (5th Cir.2001) (quotation and citation omitted). In contending Sanchez-Garcia has been abrogated, defendants rely on Castaneda-Barrientos, 448 F.3d at 731-32. There, the defendant contended the district court's "committed for profit" fact-finding was improper under Booker, and our court remanded for resentencing. Castaneda-Barrientos is distinguishable, however; there, the Government conceded Booker error. Id. — 27 — Nonetheless, we view Booker (2005) as inconsistent with Sanchez-Garcia (2003). As quoted supra, Booker held: "Any fact (other than a prior conviction) which is necessary to support a sentence exceeding the maximum authorized by the facts established by a plea of guilty or a jury verdict must be admitted by the defendant or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt". 543 U.S. at 244, 125 S.Ct. 738. Accordingly, to the extent Sanchez-Garcia suggests judicial fact-finding for a § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(vii) enhancement is proper under the pre-Booker mandatory guidelines regime, it has been abrogated. — 28 — Therefore, at issue is whether use of the 2003 Guidelines was an ex post facto violation. As noted supra, under the 2002 Guidelines, the § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(vii) enhancement applied "[i]f the defendant previously was deported, or unlawfully remained in the United States, after . . . a conviction for a felony that is . . . an alien smuggling offense committed for profit". U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(vii) (emphasis added); see also U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n.1(B)(i) (2002) (defining "committed for profit" as "committed for payment or expectation of payment"). The 2003 Guidelines, inter alia: deleted the "committed for profit" language; and, unlike the 2002 Guidelines, defined "alien smuggling offense" to be consistent with 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)'s "aggravated felony" definition. U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n.1(B)(i) (2003) ("`[a]lien smuggling offense' has the meaning given that term in [8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(N)]"); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(N) (defining "aggravated felony" as "an offense described in paragraph (1)(A) or (2) of section 1324(a) of this title (relating to alien smuggling), except in the case of a first offense for which the alien . . . committed the offense for the purpose of assisting, abetting, or aiding only the alien's spouse, child, or parent (and no other individual) to violate a provision of this chapter"). — 29 — The Sentencing Commission, in explaining the 2003 amendment, stated the new "alien smuggling offense" definition "generally is consistent with the guideline's previous terminology of `alien smuggling offense committed for profit[]'". U.S.S.G. app. C-II, amend. 658 at 401 (2003). The statutory sections referenced in the new definition, however, do not contain a "committed for profit" element. In short, the 2002 Guidelines contained an element ("committed for profit") requiring proof that was not contained in the 2003 Guidelines. — 30 — Accordingly, application of the 2003 Guidelines "result[ed] in a more onerous penalty", Kimler, 167 F.3d at 893, than would application of the 2002 Guidelines. Therefore, application of the 2003 Guidelines constituted an ex post facto violation. As a result, defendants' sentences must be vacated and their cases remanded for resentencing, applying the 2002 Guidelines in the now advisory guidelines regime. — 31 — Along that line, under this advisory regime, a district court is still required, as a first step in deciding on the requisite reasonable sentence, to calculate the applicable guidelines range. E.g., United States v. Villegas, 404 F.3d 355, 359 (5th Cir.2005); Mares, 402 F.3d at 519. Accordingly, if, in using the 2002 Guidelines at resentencing, the prior offenses are found, under this advisory regime, to have been "committed for profit", the sentences can conceivably be the same as those vacated today, as noted supra. C. — 32 — As defendants concede, their contention that the sentence-enhancing provisions contained in 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b) are unconstitutional in the light of Apprendi is foreclosed by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 235, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998). The issue is raised only to preserve it for possible further review. III. — 33 — For the foregoing reasons, the convictions are AFFIRMED; the sentences are VACATED; and these matters are REMANDED to the district courts for resentencing. — 34 — CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED; SENTENCES VACATED; REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING. EDITH H. JONES, Chief Judge, concurring: — 35 — I concur in Judge Barksdale's careful opinion with two significant observations. First, I do not view his opinion as accepting the defendants' contention that United States v. Sanchez-Garcia, 319 F.3d 677 (5th Cir.2003) (per curiam), was wrong because it eschewed the Taylor categorical approach for determining whether their prior alien-smuggling offenses were "committed for profit." — 36 — Contrary to Defendants' assertions, the § 2L1.2 "alien smuggling" enhancement, as it was in 2002, did not implicate the statutory elements of the underlying prior conviction in any way. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(vii) and application note 1(B)(i) ("`Alien smuggling offense' has the meaning given that term in . . . 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(N)"). Because the guidelines definition for immigration crimes was different from that in, e.g. career offender crimes, where the sentencing court's inquiry is limited to the conduct alleged in the indictment, see United States v. Gaitan, 954 F.2d 1005, 1009-11 (5th Cir.1992); United States v. Fitzhugh, 954 F.2d 253, 254-55 (5th Cir.1992),1 U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 allows reference to other conduct, whether or not formally charged or an element of the offense of conviction. See Sanchez-Garcia, supra. Whether an alien smuggling offense was committed "for profit" was therefore an extrinsic fact — not an element of the crime — on which the court could make a finding pursuant to § 1B1.3. I make this observation lest Taylor be urged — inappropriately — to apply outside its currently narrow domain. Even after Booker, were such a provision to be reimposed in the guidelines, a court could make the "for profit" determination, although the resulting guideline range would not be mandatory. — 37 — Second, as this case arises from a pre-Booker sentencing, we do not reach the issue whether the ex post facto clause can apply to a post-Booker sentence. A logical corollary to Booker would seem to be that the ex post facto clause does not apply if the sentence imposed by the court need not be harsher under later guidelines than it would have been under the guidelines in effect when the offense was committed. Post-Booker, the guidelines are informative, not mandatory. A purely advisory regulation does not present an ex post facto problem solely because it is traceable to Congress and will possibly disadvantage a defendant. This principle has been recognized by the Supreme Court with respect to the parole guidelines, see, e.g., Garner v. Jones, 529 U.S. 244, 256, 120 S.Ct. 1362, 1370, 146 L.Ed.2d 236 (2000); Cal. Dept. of Corrections v. Morales, 514 U.S. 499, 511-13, 115 S.Ct. 1597, 1604-05, 131 L.Ed.2d 588 (1995), and I see no reason not to extend it to the present context.2 Judge Posner persuasively adopted this view in United States v. DeMaree, 459 F.3d 791, 794-95 (7th Cir.2006). Footnotes [1] Notes: [1] See also § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) "crime of violence," which we ultimately defined in terms of the elements of the prior conviction. [2] But see United States v. Reasor, 418 F.3d 466 (5th Cir.2005). Reasor is not necessarily controlling, however, because it was decided shortly after Booker, and the sentence had to be reversed for reconsideration due to vacated convictions, regardless of ex post facto concerns.