Foster v. International Paper Co.

Ingraham, J.: The defendant in this action was engaged in the operation of a paper mill at Niagara Falls in this State, and the plaintiff was at work at the time of the accident in installing some new machinery in the mill. On the morning of the 8th of Jane, 1900, the plaintiff was caught hy a revolving shaft and severely injured, and it is to recover for such injuries that this action was brought. The complaint alleged as the negligence of which the defendant was charged, that the “ shafting and machinery were not constructed or protected in accordance with law, and that the * * * (set) screw and the sprocket wheel adjoining said screw1 upon said shafting were not protected as provided by law, and it did not constitute a safe place or safe tools and machinery to this plaintiff as the law provides, and that the defendant was negligent and careless in not furnishing safe tools, implements and machinery, and not protecting the same, and not furnishing a safe place in which to perform the work he was obliged to perform, and that said place was defective by reason of its not being properly lighted, all of which caused or contributed to the cause of the injuries hereinbefore set forth.” The plaintiff testified that he was at work in the mill on Sunday, January 7, 1900, and continued at work until the time of the injury, which was between four and five o?clock the next (Monday) morning; that just before the accident he was at work at the top of the building, sawing off a steel shaft; that a Mr. Shedd, who was in the employ of the defendant, called to him to come down to the cellar to throw a belt on the shaft; that on his going to the cellar, Mr. Shedd was standing at the loose, end of the shaft and said, “ Let’s throw this belt on.” This belt was on a loose pulley, and the object was to pull it onto a pulley fast to the revolving shaft, by which motion would be communicated to the machinery on the floor above. The plaintiff took hold of the belt to pull it on to this pulley so that the motion of the shaft would roll it over, but in some way the belt slipped, and as it slipped the plaintiff stepped back against the shaft, and a sprocket wheel, or the set screws that held the sprocket wheel to the shaft, caught in his clothes and drew Mm [49] around the shaft, striking, him against the wall and causing injuries which resulted in the amputation of one of his feet and severe injuries to the other foot and other parts of the body. This sprocket wheel was attached to the shaft by set screws, and the teeth of the wheel, on which a chain was to be installed to communicate motion to the machinery, probably caught the plaintiff’s clothing and caused him to he thrown around the shaft as it revolved. The plaintiff testified that at the time of the injury he and other employees of the defendant were engaged in installing new machinery in the factory; that on this occasion they were making some changes in the machinery. The mill was not being run, but the shaft was kept going for the purpose of making those changes in the machinery. They were starting the new machinery, and the plaintiff was at work helping to get-the machinery in order and seeing that it worked right, the shaft and pulley and sprocket wheel being part of the new machinery that was being installed. The plaintiff further testified as to this shafting and the pulleys: “ I don’t know when it was put in. It was just being completed. It wasn’t completed yet. I think that was the first time the shaft was run — just started up. I don’t know what the object was of starting it, whether it was being run for the purpose of doing work with it, or if it was only being run to try it. This was Monday morning. It had never been used for the purposes of the defendant’s business that I know of. I don’t know whether it had or not.” There was further evidence that this shafting had been there about three weeks, and that during that time the workmen had been engaged in connecting the machinery in the upper part of the building with this shaft, although part of the time the shaft had been used for the purpose of running some machinery in the rest of the building. 'This particular sprocket wheel, however, had not yet been used,, as the chain attachment had not been put in place, and the belt that the plaintiff tried to pull on the wheel was at the time being put in place and had not yet been used to run the machinery. On behalf of the defendant, the master mechanic, Jones, testified that this sprocket wheel was fastened to the shafting by keys and set screws, and that it was to be guarded by a framework around it, leaving a slit for the chain to go through when the machinery was [50] installed ; that the sprocket wheel was put in, in anticipation of running another machine with it; that the plaintiff and the others at work at the time were engaged in installing this new plant. The superintendent of the' mill testified that the pulleys that the plaintiff was engaged in . adjusting were. part of the work that they expected to have completed that night, as it would have, to be put in before the mill could be started ; that they were on. the night in question actually engaged in installing this new machinery and were connecting it with the shaft. Upon this evidence, the court stated that this shaft was a. permanent structure ; that the duty of the defendant under the Factory Act to protect and guard this sprocket wheel had already accrued, and that it was in the failure, to guard it that the neglect, if any, consisted which makes the defendant liable. The defendant moved to dismiss the complaint and direct a verdict for the defendant on various grounds, one of which. was that there was nothing in the case which would bring it within the provisions of . the Factory Act, This motion was denied and the defendant excepted.. The judge then charged the jury that the “ duty to guard dangerous machinery is a duty which is prescribed by statute. * * * Now, there is a law which requires the guarding of certain machinery such as this. We can confine our attention here to this sprocket wheel, because it is the sprocket wheel only that is in question. You needn’t bother about the pulleys or the absence of a loose pulley at all. That has ■nothing to do with the case. The question is just, a question of the danger. which caused the accident — the danger of a. revolving sprocket wheel with projecting teeth and projecting set screws. That is the danger which is in question here, and the only negligence of the defendant in .this case, if there is any foundation for a verdict against it, is their failure to so guard that sprocket wheel as to-make it reasonably safe. I don’t say that they were even bound to-so guard it as to make it reasonably safe, but they were bound to exercise ordinary ' care to that end. Did they exercise any care to that end here ? It wasn’t housed in any manner, and to anyone who gets close to .it it presents all the dangers which are inherent in its construction. * * * The real question about it is, was that sprocket guarded as due care required to avoid injuring the man who should come into the neighborhood of it to put that belt [51] on. That is the question. Was it ? There is the crucial .question in this case. Some question was made during the case as to whether the time had arrived when that should be housed or in some way covered so as to afford the proper protection to people who could come near it. It appears that that shaft upon which this sprocket was set had been set some three weeks before and that it had been in use, actually, about a week — that is, in use for the general, purposes of the mill. Of course they were extending it, they were about to attach to it (this belt was a part of this attachment) machinery which should move another carrier, but while some attachments to it might be in process' of installment, the shaft itself and the appliances which were upon it were there to stay and were being operated for the general purposes of the defendant’s business and the time had come when, if ever, that sprocket needed to be guarded, so that you can dismiss that from your minds — any question of that sort from your minds.” Counsel for the defendant called the attention of the court to this charge, saying: “ Your Honor charged the jury, as I understood it, that the time had come when, if ever, the sprocket had to be guarded.” To which the court answered, “ Yes,” and to that the defendant excepted. The court then replied: “ By that I mean * * * that this appliance had been installed and put to work about the business of the factory, and although there were to be some further extensions on it and connections with it, that is immaterial. This part, this sprocket wheel was revolving upon a shaft which was doing the work —the ordinary work — of the factory.” The counsel for the defendant excepted to this statement to the jury, and asked the court to charge that “ this sprocket wheel was not at this time in actual operation, and that the duty of guarding it and caring for it was modified by the fact that it had not been put into use.” This the court refused, and the defendant excepted, to which the court replied: “ The fact that it has not been put in use is immaterial ; the significant fact is that it was upon the shaft which was being moved about the business of the factory and not experimentally.” The negligence of' the defendant was thus based upon a failure to comply with the requirements of the Labor Law (Laws of 1897, chap. él5, § 81) which provides : “ The owner or person in charge of a factory where machinery is used shall provide * ■* * belt52 shifters . * * *. Whenever practicable, all machinery shall be provided with loose pulleys. All vats, pans, saws, planers, cogs, gearing, belting, shafting, set-screws and machinery, of every description, shall be properly guarded.” The question is whether the evidence justifies a finding that the defendant failed to comply with the provisions of the statute. The duty imposed by this statute was considered by the Court of Appeals in Glens Falls Portland Cement Co. v. Travelers' Insurance Co. (162 N. Y. 399). Commenting upon a similar clause of the Factory Act (Laws of 1886, chap. 409, § 8, as amd. by Laws of 1892, chap. 673), Judge Haight says: “ The manifest purpose of the enactment was doubtless to give more force to the existing rule that masters should afford a reasonably safe place in which their servants are called upon to work. We think, however, that the Legislature could not have intended that every piece of machinery in a large building should be covered or guarded. * * * What evidently was intended was that those parts of the machinery which were dangerous to the servants whose duty required them to work in its immediate vicinity should be properly guarded, so as to minimize, as far as practicable, the dangers attending their labors,” In this case we have an employee engaged not in operating machinery in the conduct óf a manufactory, but in installing new machinery in a factory. The particular work on which the plaintiff was engaged was in connecting a new shaft with new machinery. This particular portion of the shaft upon which the plaintiff was at work had never been used, and the belt that was then being attached was part of the new machinery that was being installed. The sprocket wheel which was attached to this shaft had not been used ; and although one witness says that all this shafting had been up about three weeks and the shaft had been used in connection with the work- of the factory for one week, the construction work on the shaft was. still in progress. The portion upon which' the plaintiff was at work and that caught his clothes and caused the injury was uncompleted, and it was while he was attaching this new shaft to the other new machinery that the plaintiff was injured. The plaintiff, when he assisted in- this work, understood that he was at work on an uncompleted shaft. The whole shafting was in the cellar of the building, not frequented by the regular employees of [53] the defendant engaged in the manufacturing operations, or in a position where it would be dangerous to the employees engaged in such manufacturing operations; for so far, as appears, in the operation of the machinery for the use of the factory, no persons would work in the vicinity of this shaft. There is nothing in the statute, as I read it, and as construed in the Glens Falls Company ease to which attention has been called, that requires an employer to cover or guard machinery in the course of construction so that persons engaged in constructing it would not be injured. From the nature of things, a guard to this machinery could not be properly constructed until the machinery itself was completed. And I can find nothing in the statute which would justify the court in holding that where machinery is in the course of construction, the uncompleted parts of the machinery must be guarded so that those engaged in finishing its construction shall not be injured. Upon this evidence, I do not think the court was justified in instructing the jury that the defendant had violated the statute in not protecting and guarding this particular sprocket wheel or shaft. There were several other questions presented by the record which present serious questions, but in view of the conclusion at which we have arrived upon this question, it is not necessary that they should be determined. It follows that the judgment below and the order denying a new trial must be reversed, and a new trial ordered, with costs to the appellant to abide the event. Yak Brunt, P. J., and Hatch, J., concurred; O’Brien, J., dissented.