Northern Railroad v. Miller

By the Court, Willard, P. J. I. The contract of the defendant, created by his subscription for five shares of the capital stock of the plaintiffs’ road, was an express contract, by which he was bound to pay for the said shares, according to the conditions, requirements, liabilities and benefits of the act of incorporation. No particular form of words is necessary to make an express promise.' (1 B. & Ad. 415.) A subscription similar in all respects to that set up in this complaint, has been held to be an express promise to pay for the shares thus taken. (Spear v. Crawford, 14 Wend. 20, 23. 2 Hall’s S. C. Rep. 505. The Hartford and New Haven Railroad Co. v. Kennedy, 12 Conn. Rep. 500. Same v. Croswell, 5 Hill, 383. Mann v. Currie, 2 Barb. S. C. Rep. 294.) In the foregoing — 269 — cases, the point in question was either expressly or impliedly conceded. II. If the subscription in question did not create an express promise, it raised an implied one; for the breach of which an action will lie. The cases cited under the preceding head, establish this position: “ The only difference between an express and an implied contract, is in the mode of substantiating it. An express contract is proved by an actual agreement j an implied contract by circumstances, and the general course of dealing between the parties; but whenever a contract is once proved, the consequences' resulting from the breach of it must be the same, whether it be proved by direct or circumstantial evidence.” (Per Lord Tenterden, in Marzetti v. Williams, 1 B. & Ad. 414; 20 Com. Law Rep. 541.) The form of pleading under the former system, was the same in both cases. By subscribing for the stock, a duty was created to fulfill the requirements resulting from such subscription. One of these requirements, is, that the stock shall be paid for at such times, and in such proportions, and on such conditions, as the directors shall prescribe, (Laws of 1836, p. 320, § 14,) which is a part of the charter of this company. (See Laws of 1845, p. 351.) The complaint alledges, and the answer admits, that five installments have been regularly called for, of ten per cent each, and remained unpaid by the defendant, at the commencement of this action; a duty was thus created, to meet those calls as they were made. In general, it is said, "that whenever the law imposes a duty or obligation, it raises a promise to perform, or to pay for the performance of such duty or obligation, for the breach of which assumpsit will lie. (Leigh’s N. P. 3.) The cases on this subject are numerous, and will be found collected in all our elementary digests, under the head of implied assumpsits. The objection taken by the defendant’s counsel is, that as the 14th section authorizes the directors to exact a forfeiture of the stock, as a penalty for non-payment of the installments, no other remedy can be pursued, and therefore the law will raise no promise to pay. There are two answers to this objection. The first is, the — 270 — defendant does not take the objection in Ms answer, but "puts Ms defense upon an entirely different ground. Every material allegation of'the complaint is expressly admitted in the answer. The cause of action, thus conceded, is sought to be avoided by new matter, which will hereafter be noticed. Nothing is said about a right to declare a forfeiture of the shares subscribed by the defendant. According to the principles of pleading adopted by the code, the defendant is not in circumstances to prove that the stock had been declared forfeited by the plaintiffs, even if the fact were so; nor is he-permitted to urge, that such forfeiture might be exacted in any case. Under the plea of the general issue in the former action of assumpsit, such evidence, if material, would be admissible. The code has adopted a. different rule, somewhat analogous to the pleadings in the late court of chancery. Evidence must now be confined to the matters put in issue by the pleadings, and the judgment must be founded on the allegations in the complaint admitted in the answer, or proved on the trial. (See James v. McKernon, 6 John. 543, per Spencer, J.) If the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and the defendant fails to take the objection by demurrer or answer, he may, probably, insist on the objection in answer to a motion for judgment, before the judge who tries the cause, or on appeal to this court. (Code, § 148.) An objection has indeed been urged on the argument, to the sufficiency of the complaint. But it contains all the facts requisite to constitute a valid cause of action against the defendant. The legal conclusion resulting from the facts therein stated, is, that the plaintiffs should recover of the defendant the several installments which have been required to be paid, together with the interest. The second answer to this objection is, that the power on the part of the directors to exact the penalty of forfeiture of stock for the non-payment of the installments, as theybecame due, is no objection to the plaintiffs’ right of recovery in this action. If the 14th section of the act contained no clause denouncing a forfeiture for non-payment, there could be no doubt of the existence of a remedy at common law, upon the express or implied — 271 — contract, which has been before considered. The statute remedy Of forfeiture is affirmative, and contains no words excluding the common law remedy. In such case, it is well settled that both remedies exist. (2 Inst. 200. Clark v. Brown, 18 Wend. 220. Colden v. Eldred, 15 John. 220.) Since the decision by the court of appeals of the case of Small v. The Herkimer Manufacturing and Hydraulic Company, (2 Comst. 330,) a corporation, after forfeiting, pursuant to a provision in its charter, the stock of a subscriber for nonpayment of an installment due upon his subscription, can not maintain an action to recover any part of such subscription. The judges who delivered the prevailing opinions in the court of appeals, conceded that the corporation might elect either to bring an action upon the contract, and recover the amount due on the subscription, or resort to the statutory remedy, and forfeit the stock. But they held that they were concluded by their election; and having adopted, in that case, the statute remedy of forfeiture, they could not afterwards resort to a common law action. It is well settled, however, by a long series of decisions, that the existence in the charter of authority to declare á forfeiture of the stock for non-payment of installments thereof, as they.shall become due, affords no objection to an ac^ tion at common law against a delinquent subscriber, upon a promise to pay the calls as they shall be required by the proper authority. (The Union Turnpike Co. v. Jenkins, 1 Caines’ Rep. 381. 1 Caines’ Cas. in Err. 95, S. C. The Goshen Turnpike Co. v. Hurtin, 9 John. 217. The Dutchess Cotton Man. Co. v. Davis, 14 Id. 238. Highland Turnpike Co. v. McKean, 11 Id. 98. Spear v. Crawford, 14 Wend. 20. Harlem Canal Co. v. Seixas, 2 Hall, 504. The Worcester Turnpike v. Willard, 5 Mass. Rep. 80. The Delaware and Schuylkill Canal Co. v. Sansom, 1 Bin. 70. Instone v. Bridge Co. 2 Bibb, 577. Tar River Navigation Co. v. Weal, 3 Hawks, 520. The Hartford & New Haven Railroad Co. v. Kennedy, 12 Conn. 499. The Same v. Boorman, 12 Id. 530.) It is conceded that in most of the foregoing cases there was an express promise to pay .for the stock; and it is not denied — 272 — by the defendant’s counsel that in such case, if no forfeiture has been exacted, an action will lie. But it is denied by him that the law will imply a promise to pay, in a case where the remedy of forfeiture is given in the charter. This objection has already been in part anticipated. It has been shown that the affirmative language of the statute in giving the remedy of forfeiture, does not take away the common law remedy upon the promise, whether express or implied; and that-there is, in truth, no difference, with respect to the defendant’s liability, whether the promise be express or implied. This precise question was decided in Connecticut, in The Hartford & New Haven Railroad Co. v. Kennedy, (12 Conn. 500, sup.) The subscription in that case, after reciting the title of the act, was thus: “We do hereby subscribe to the stock of said railroad the number of shares annexed to our names respectively, on the terms, conditions and limitations mentioned in the said resolution.” (The Charter.) The 13th resolution empowered the directors to require the payment of the sum or sums subscribed to the capital stock of said company, at such times, and in such proportions, and upon . such conditions as they might deem fit; and in case any stockholder should refuse or neglect to make payment pursuant to the requisition of the board of directors, the stock of such stockholder, or so much thereof as should be necessary, might be sold by the directors, 0at public auction, after the lapse of six months from the time when the payment became due, &c. The action was assumpsit to recover the amount of certain assessments upon the ten shares of stock subscribed by the defendant. A recovery was resisted upon the same ground taken here, that no action would lie upon the subscription; that the law implied no promise, and that the only remedy was to sell the shares under the provision of the charter. But the court held that- no particular form of words was necessary to create an express promise ; that the language of the subscription, in connection with the charter, was equivalent to an express promise to pay the assessments as they should be made; and if not an express promise, they raised an implied promise, upon which the de — 273 — fendant was equally liable as upon an express promise; and that the remedy by sale of the shares was merely cumulative, and did not impair the other remedy. Such is clearly the result of the learned opinion delivered in that case. The case of The Hartford & New Haven Railroad v. Croswell, (5 Hill, 383,) and which is much relied upon by the counsel for the defense, under another point in this cause, was an action upon one of the same subscriptions as that upon which the supreme court of .Connecticut gave judgment in the case just cited. And although the present question was directly involved "in that case, it does not seem to have been noticed by the learned counsel who argued the cause, or by the chief justice who delivered the opinion of the court. The distinction between an express and implied promise to pay for stock under a charter which gives no other remedy in terms, for non-payment of the installments as they' fall due, than forfeiture, has not been recognized in any case in this state to which we have been referred, or which has fallen under my notice. The point was directly involved in Mann v. Currie, (2 Barb. Sup. C. Rep. 294.) The action in that case was instituted by a receiver of the property and effects of the company, against the defendant, to recover the arrearages of a stock subscription. The bill merely alledged that the defendant was a stockholder, and OAvner of fifty shares of capital stock of the company, holding the scrip for the same. He was stated to have paid a certain part, and the remainder was alledged to be in arrear. It Avas hot averred that any express promise had been made by the original subscriber to the stock; and the only defense urged was, that the defendant was the assignee of the original subscriber. The act under Avhich that stock was created, was the act to incorporate the Canajoharie and Oatskill Railroad Company, passed in 1830, (Laws of 1830, p. 293,) the 13th section of which is exactly like the 14th section in the plaintiffs’ charter, except as to the newspapers in which the notice is required to be published. It is obvious that one was copied from the other. Yet the court held that the right of the company to enforce a forfeiture of stock and all previous payments, upon the failure — 274 — of a stockholder to meet the calls made by the company, will not prevent such company, or the receiver thereof, from collecting the balance due upon any share of the stock. If the distinction between an express and an implied promise had been material, it would have been noticed either by the counsel or the court. I am aware that Mann v. Currie was decided, in part, upon the authority of Mann v. Pentz, decided by Vice Chancellor Sandford. (2 Sandf. Ch. Rep. 257.) The latter case, though affirmed by the supreme court sitting in the first district, was reversed by the court of appeals. (3 Comst. 415.) But the reversal did not turn upon the question, we are considering. It went upon the ground, that the receiver appointed under the 38th section of the act concerning proceedings against corporations in equity, (2 R. S. 463,) could not sustain a bill, under that act, against a delinquent stockholder; but that the remedy of the judgment creditor, on the return of his execution unsatisfied, was by a bill in behalf of all the creditors of the corporation, as well as himself, against all the stockholders who had not paid up their subscriptions, under 1 R. S. 600, § 5. The present question was not involved in that case. Speaking of the power of the receiver appointed under the 36th and 37th sections, to maintain a suit upon the subscription, Pratt, J. in delivering the opinion qf the court, says that, “ as representing the corporation, it is quite clear he co-uld not. There is no express promise to pay in the subscription of the defendant; the only condition upon which he could have been made liable to the corporation, was by regular calls, made in pursuance of the charter. The defendant had paid up all the regular calls made upon him ; and he was not, therefore, liable to the company ; and the receiver, as representing it, can not maintain this suit.” Surely, if the defendant in this case had paid up all the calls of the company, no action could be maintained by them for installments of stock not yet due, and of which payment had not been required. The same principle was involved in Spear v. Crawford, (14 Wend, 20.) The action was founded on the 9th section of the — 275 — ac.t incorporating the Harlem Canal Company, (Laws of 1826, p. 369,) by the plaintiff, a creditor of the company, against the defendant, a stockholder. It was shown that the defendant subscribed for sixteen shares of the stock of the company, but had never paid any part of it. The form of the subscription was thus: “We, the subscribers, do severally agree to take the shares by us severally subscribed in the Harlem Canal Company.” The act incorporating the company, gave the remedy of forfeiture of the shares and all previous payments, for not complying with the calls of the company. The court held the action sustainable. Sutherland, J. in delivering the opinion of the court, says : “ The promise of the defendant and the other subscribers, although it is in form to take the shares subscribed by them respectively, is, undoubtedly, (when taken in connection with what precedes' it, and with the act of incorporation which is there referred to, and in part recited,) a promise, not only to take the shares, but to pay for them; to take them upon the terms and conditions set forth in the subscription paper ; and the corporation could, undoubtedly, in the appropriate form of action, and upon a declaration containing the necessary averments, have enforced payment of the subscription price of the shares from the subscribers, The case of The Harlem Canal Co. v. Seixas, (2 Hall’s S. C. Rep. 505,) was an action brought to recover of the defendant the amount of his subscription to the stock of this same company. It was in that case objected, as it has been in this, that no action would lie, and that the only remedy was the forfeiture provided for in the 5th section of the charter. But the objection was overruled, and the plaintiffs were held entitled to recover. The form of the subscription is not set out in hose verba in 2 Hall, but it was obviously the same as that set forth in Spear v. Crawford. (14 Wend. 20.) It was a promise to take stock, which was held in both cases a promise to pay for it, notwithstanding the clause of forfeiture. The 13th section of the act relative to turnpikes, passed March 7,1807, authorized the president and directors to demand from the stockholders respectively all such sums of money by them — 276 — subscribed, at such time and in such proportion as they should see fit, under pain of the forfeiture of their shares and all previous payments thereon to the said president and directors. (1 R. L. of 1813, p. 235, § 13.) In the case of The President, Directors, §c. of the Goshen and Minisink Turnpike Road v. Hurtin, (9 John. 217,) an action was brought upon a stock subscription, and in that case the promise was held to amount to a promissory note. But in delivering their judgment the court say, “ The question which the parties undoubtedly had principally in view in this case is, whether an action will lie. at all, on a promise by a turnpike stockholder to pay his installments ; and whether the remedy given to the company by the statute, to, exact the penalty of a forfeiture of the shares, and of all previous payments, be not the only remedy.” After remarking upon the Union Turnpike Co. v. Jenkins, (1 Caines, 381,) they say an action will lie; thus holding the two remedies as cumulative. These remarks, it is true, were not essential to a decision of that cause, on the ground taken by the court, but they are believed nevertheless to bo sound. They were só treated by Sutherland, J. in Spear v. Crawford, (14 Wend. 23,) and by the court of appeals in Small v. The Herkimer M. & H. Co. (2 Comst.. 339, 342,) by Hoyt, J. and by Jewett, J. Indeed, in the Dutchess Cotton Manufactory v. Davis, (14 John. 244,) Chief Justice Thompson says the question whether an action will lie at all upon a promise by a stockholder in a coloration to pay his installments ought to be considered at rest in this court since the case of The Goshen Turnpike Co. v. Hurtin, (9 John. 217.) The general manufacturing law of March 22,1811, (1 R. L. 245,) under which the case of The Dutchess Manufacturing Co. v. Davis, (supra,) arose, contained a clause imposing the pain of forfeiture of the stock and all prior payments if the calls of the directors should not be met in sixty days ; and it was strenuously urged by the defendant’s counsel, but without success, that that was the only remedy. Although in that case there was an express promise, yet no stress was laid upon that fact. There can no case be found where the courts of this state have made any distinction between an express and an implied promise, with — 277 — reference to the question we are considering. They both plainly stand upon the same footing. If an action will lie in the one case, it will in the other. The existence in the charter of a clause authorizing a forfeiture of the stock, for non-payment of the assessments made by the directors in pursuance of their authority for that purpose, affords no objection to this action. If there be no express promise to pay for the stock, the clause in question does not prevent the law from implying a promise to pay for the stock, by the party who subscribes to take it. By bringing an action to enforce the common law remedy, the corporation make their election, and Can not thereafter resort to a forfeiture. It is enough, however, that no forfeiture has been exacted in this case, as had been done in Small v. The Herkimer M. & H. Co. (supra.) III. It remains to consider whether the matter set up in the answer and proved on the trial, constitutes a defense to the action. This raises the question, whether the alteration of the plaintiffs’ charter, by the legislature, on the application of the plaintiffs, without consulting the defendant, absolves the latter from his stock subscription. It is stated in the pleadings that the 7th section of the charter reserves to the legislature the right at any time to alter or repeal the act. (Laws of 1845, p. 357, § 7.) There is no averment in the answer that the alteration alledged to have been made, was prejudicial to the company, or to the defendant, but it is admitted by implication to have been made without his assent, unless such assent may be presumed from the relation which the parties bore to each other. The several acts constituting the charter are public acts, are referred to in the pleadings, and will be treated as part of the case. It therefore -raises the naked question whether an alteration, per se, and irrespective of consequences, discharges a subscriber. In the case of the Northern Railroad v. Duane, we held that the amendatory act of 1847, although obtained on the application of the directors, and without the assent of the defendant, did not absolve the defendant from the payment of his subscription for stock. And we intimated that the only ground on which the — 278 — alteration of a charter, on the application of the directors, should be treated as impairing their right to enforce a stock subscription, was that such application was made in fraud of the rights of the subscribers, and was a breach of trust. This remark was not necessary to a decision of that case. It conceded more to the defendant than the facts required or justified. But it was made from deference to some of the suggestions of the chief justice in The Hartford and New Haven Railroad v. Croswell, (5 Hill, 383.) As no fraud or breach of trust, on the part of the directors, was pretended, the court was not required to express an opinion upon a hypothetical case. The ground assumed by the defendant’s counsel, on the present argument, was, that any alteration of the act incorporating the plaintiffs, amounted to an alteration of the contract of the subscribers for stock, and authorized them to abandon the contract altogether. In effect, the defendant sought to apply the same objection to the plaintiffs’ recovery, in this case, which a party to a written contract, that has been altered in a material part by the plaintiff, against the defendant’s consent, might urge against a recovery thereon. In short, he treated the alteration of the charter, by the legislature, as working the same consequences upon the obligation of the defendant, as if the subscription paper itself had been altered in a material part by the directors of the railroad company. The case, according to the argument, would thus fall within the second resolution in Piggot’s case, (11 Coke, 27,) which is, “ That when any deed is altered, in a point material, by the plaintiff himself, or by any stranger, without the privity of the obligee, be it by interlineation, addition, erasing, or by drawing a pen through a line, or through the midst of any material word, the deed thereby becomes void.” The doctrine that the alteration of an instrument by the party who claims a benefit under it, avoids the remedy thereon, was fully considered by the court in Lewis v. Payn, (8 Cowen, 71,) and in its general bearing is not questioned. But before considering the effect of the alteration of the plaintiffs charter, it will be convenient to consider what alterations therein were in fact made, and by whose authority. The act of — 279 — the 9th of March, 1847, (Laws of 1847, p. 18,) is the one complained of. The first section authorizes the plaintiffs to borrow money for the construction of their railroad, to an amount not exceeding one half the sums actually paid by its stockholders, and also to pay interest to stockholders for stock payments made.by them, beyond general calls, and payments by the whole stockholders of the company: provided, however, that the said company shall construct their road with the heavy iron rail weighing at least fifty six pounds to the lineal yard, and not otherwise. The second section authorizes them to construct one or more branch lines of railroad to connect the line authorized to be constructed by the act above mentioned, with one or more lines of railroad to be constructed in Ganada East; such branch lines and the construction and regulation thereof to be subject to all the provisions of the act incorporating said company. The judge who tried the cause certifies that no proof was given, on the trial, that the plaintiffs had constructed, or had begun to construct, any branch line or lines of railroad whatever, but that the plaintiffs had adopted and acted upon that part of the amendatory act which allows the plaintiffs to pay interest to stockholders in certain cases, and requires them to use the heavy iron rail. The reason for the-other amendment, which permits the plaintiffs to connect their road with one or more roads that might thereafter be constructed in Canada East, were suggested in the opinion of the court in the case of the present plaintiffs against Duane, (2 Am. Law Journal, N. S. No. 11, for May, 1850,) and will be obvious to any person who will compare the 18th section of the law of 1836, p. 326, which forms a part of the charter, with the amendatory law of 1847. No part of the alteration changed the location or identity of the road, or the amount of the stock, or cast any additional burthen upon the company, or any of its stockholders. The act merely extended to the company a privilege, which they were at liberty to accept or decline at their pleasure. These were all the alterations, insisted on in the answer, as exonerating the defendant from his subscription — 280 — On the argument it was further contended, that the act of May 9,1846, which enacts that the 7th section of title third, chajoter eighteenth of the first part of the revised statutes, shall not be so construed as to apply “ to any act for incorporating a railroad company, which has or shall have in its own provisions the terms and the time in which it shall be forfeited for nonuser,” amounted to an alteration of the plaintiffs’ charter. The 7th section of the general law of 1880, above referred to, declares that if -any corporation thereafter created by the legislature should not organize and commence the transaction of its business, within one year from the date of its incorporation, its •corporate powers should cease. The 2d section of the act of 1845, p. 351, incorporating the plaintiffs, gave them three years from the passage of the act, -within which to commence their ■road. The act of 1846, therefore, is merely a declaratory act, 4he effect of which is to declare that the limitation of one year, within which to commence a railroad, should not apply to a case ■-where a longer time was given by the charter. This act is no ¡alteration of the charter, but in affirmance, of it, and even if relied on in the answer, would afford no defense. Having thus shown what the alledged alterations complained ■of are, we are next to consider whether they afford the defendant a legal excuse for withholding the payment of his subscription. The first position taken by the defendant’s counsel is, that the acts of May 14,1845, and May 3,1836, (the plaintiffs’ charter,) are a contract between the state and the corporation; and these acts with the agreement signed by the defendant, are a contract between the plaintiffs and the defendant, and constitute a contract in writing between the parties. To prove this, the case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, (4 Wheat. 518,) and Fletcher v. Peck, (6 Crunch, 88,) are cited. If we concede this to be so, an ,act of the legislature altering the charter would be in conflict with the constitution of the United States, and a nullity. Such void act, it is conceived, could not successfully be interposed by the defendant, as a bar to the plaintiffs’ right of recovery. A void law is as no law. If the defendant — 281 — can show the law in question to be a nullity, he overthrows at once the whole structure of his defense. The defendant’s counsel, however, does not push his argument to that extent. He assumes that the amendatory act is constitutional. He insists that this amendatory act is an alteration of the contract of one of the parties, or by his procurement, without the assent of the other party, and that it absolves such other party from all liability on his contract. It is proper then to inquire who are the parties to the contract, created by the granting and acceptance of a charter of' incorporation. These are, primarily, the state which makes the grant, and the trustees, directors or other persons, by whatsoever name they are called, by whom the affairs of the corporation are managed. The corporators or stockholders by whom the funds are advanced, and who expect to be reimbursed by the profits on the business of the company, are also parties. The corporation itself, which is the offspring of the charter, and is an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of law, is also, in a certain sense, a party. But as the latter can only act through the medium of its trustees, directors, or other managers, it is more proper to say that the state, the trustees, <fcc. and the corporators are the parties to the contract. (4 Wheat. 636, 643, 657, 700.) It is not denied that an act of the legislature, altering a charter in a material respect, without the consent of the corporation, is an act impairing the obligation of the contract, and is therefore unconstitutional and void. (Dartmouth Coll. v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518.) That principle is only applicable to charters, where a right to alter or repeal them has not been reserved in the original grant. The decision of the supreme court of the United States, in the case last cited, led to the adoption of the practice in this state, of inserting, in most of the acts of incorporation subsequently granted, a clause reserving to the legislature the right to alter or repeal them. In the general act relative to the powers, privileges and liabilities of corporations, which passed the legislature in December, 1827, (1 R. S. 599,) it is provided that charters of every corporation, thereafter granted by. the — 282 — legislature, shall be subject to alteration, suspension and repeal, in the discretion of the legislature. And for greater caution, the seventh section of the act of 1845, incorporating the plaintiffs, in express terms enacts that the legislature may, at any time, alter or repeal that act. While, therefore, the act incorporating the plaintiffs is a contract to which the state in its sovereign capacity, the directors and corporators, or individuals subscribing for the stock of the company are parties, it is a contract in which, by the agreement of all parties, a right is reserved to the legislature to alter or repeal it. It was competent for the state, having the power to grant or to withhold the charter, to annex such condition to the grant, or to make such reservation as it pleased. The directors, trustees or other managing agents, by whatever name they are called, by accepting the charter became bound by this condition or reservation; and every individual who subscribes to the stock of the company, thereby makes himself a party to the contract, subject to the conditions and reservations of the charter. In effect he stipulates, at the time he subscribes, that the legislature may alter or repeal the law, and thus change the obligation of his subscription or defeat it altogether. It can not, therefore, with truth be said, that the amendatory act, which is complained of in this case, was an alteration of the defendant’s contract, without his assent. It was merely such alteration as lie himself, by becoming a party to the contract, had agreed that the legislature might make. He is as much bound by it as if he had signed a petition to the legislature, requesting the passage of the act in question. Whatever modification is thus effected in the obligation created by his subscription is 'made by his own agreement, entered into at the moment he became a party to the contract, and is as binding upon him as if it had been accomplished by his own solicitation and procurement. It surely can not be necessary to cite authorities to prove, that what a man authorizes another to do, is as obligatory upon him, when done, as if it had been performed by himself. Great stress was laid by the defendant’s counsel, on the assumed fact that the act of 1847 was passed at the procure — 283 — ment of the plaintiffs, and against the assent of the defendant. So far as the objection springs from the want of assent of the defendant, it has been shown to be unfounded in fact. The defendant, when he subscribed for stock, yielded his assent to any alteration which the legislature might make. He can not, therefore, with truth say, as was urged by his counsel, “ non hcec inf cederá veni.” The alteration in question must be presumed to have been within his contemplation when he signed, and a part execution of the contract into which he entered. Nor is there any force in the other suggestion, that the act Was passed at the solicitation of the plaintiffs. It is enough that the legislature had a right to pass it. The motives by which they acted, or the influences by which they were governed, whether good or bad, can never be the subject of discussion in a judicial forum. Whether the alteration was the spontaneous exercise of legislative power and suggested by their own wisdom, or was prompted by others, is wholly immaterial. This is a mere civil action between the plaintiffs on the one side and the defendant on the other, to which the state is in no-sense a party. Both parties derived their title'under a statute which they respectively agreed the legislature might alter at its pleasure. In such a contest, as was said by the court in Fletcher v. Peck, (6 Cranch, 87,) the court can not inquire into the motives which actuated the legislature. If they could • constitutionally pass the act, the court can not sustain a defense, founded on the allegation, that the act was passed at the request of the plaintiffs. In Fletcher v. Peck, the supreme court of the United States held that in a suit between two individuals, the allegation that the act of a legislature was null in consequence of the impure motives which influenced certain members of the legislature which passed the law, could not be entertained. If corruption could not be urged in this case against the law, much less could influence of an honest character ; and none other is pretended. The case of The Hartford & New Haven Railroad v. Croswell, (5 Hill, 383,) is not in conflict with the foregoing reasoning. In that case it did not appear that the legislature284 had the power to alter the charter, except on the application of the parties interested. The alteration was made without the assent of the defendant. It superadded a new and different business to that contemplated by the original charter, and nearly doubled the capital stock. These points of diversity are enough to show that it does not sustain the doctrine urged by the defendant’s counsel. The foregoing remarks dispose of this case. But there were some subordinate questions started on the argument, which, in conclusion, will be briefly noticed. Thus, it was said that the contract of the defendant was entered into with reference to the then existing laws of this state, and not in contemplation of laws thereafter to be enacted, with a retrospective operation. If this objection be well founded, it is not perceived why it would not apply to all contracts between individuals, upon any other subject. The principle, carried out to its consequences, would vacate every agreement, if society made progress between the date of the contract and the period of its performance. It would require legislation to cease, for fear that individuals would repudiate. It would place the changes incident to human affairs, in the same category with those which are created by fraud or violence ; a doctrine leading to such results, can not be sound. Again, it is said that allowing interest to stockholders on sums advanced beyond general calls, is allowing dividends without a surplus, contrary to the 2d section of title 4 of the act relating to certain corporations. (1 R. S. 601.) Suppose it is. Could not the power which created the second section, dispense with it? If two laws passed by the same legislative authority, conflict with each other, must not the one last enacted, prevail ? It is believed, however, that the two enactments may in this case be reconciled. ■ But whether they can be, or not, is immaterial. There is no error in the judgment of the circuit court, and it must be affirmed. Hand, J. dissented.