Cotton v. Holloway

THORINGTON, J. Upon the death, of the ancestor, intestate, his real property vests eo instanti in his heirs, subject to the payment of debts, and to the statutory powers conferred upon the administrator of his estate. The power to sell the real property of a deceased person for the payment of the debts of the estate is conferred by the statute exclusively upon the administrator, or the executor when no power of sale is contained in the will, and is made to depend on the insufficiency of the personal property for that purpose, and upon the obtaining of an order of sale by proceedings in the Probate Court pursuant to the statute. That court, as to the probate of wills and the grant of letters testamentary and of administration, “derives its jurisdiction from the Constitution, and is regarded as a court of general, rather than of limited, or inferior, jurisdiction; in sncli proceedings nothing is intended to be without its jurisdiction except that which so appears specifically.” But a proceeding by the personal representative for the sale of the real estate, though made in the general course of administration, is a distinct and independent proceeding, in the nature of an action or suit, of which the petition is the commencement and the order of sale is .the judgment or decree. This jurisdiction, as has been declared, is derived from the statute. It is special and limited, and only attaches when a petition is filed containing the necessary allegations; but, when the jurisdiction has attached by the filing of a proper petition, any subsequent errors or irregularities in the proceedings, however numerous, are unavailing on a collateral attack, with the single exception prescribed by the statute, that, when minors or persons of unsound mind are interested in the estate, the sale shall be void unless proof is taken by deposition, ass in chancery cases, showing a necessity for the sale. — Code, 1886, § 2114; Robertson v. Bradford, 70 Ala. 385. From an examination of the statutes of various States, pertaining to this subject, it appears that while all indicate a clear policy to hedge about this power with careful restrictions and limitations, by making the exercise thereof to depend on specifically declared conditions and conformity to prescribed modes of procedure, there has been much greater particularity in this respect in the legislation of some of the States than in others. It will be, furthermore, observed that different rules for the interpretation of such statutes have been adopted by the courts of last resort in the several — 547 — States; some of these adjudications holding to the necessity of a very strict compliance with the terms of the statute, in order to impart validity to the proceedings, and others yielding validity to them where it appears there has been a substantial compliance with the statute, according to a “fair and liberal construction.” Of the first class are the following : Fell v. Young, 63 Ill. 106; Gelstrop v. Moore, 26 Miss. 206. And of the second class are the following: Wright & Jones v. Edwards, 10 Ore. 298; Stuart v. Allen, 16 Cal. 474; Stivers’ Appeal, 56 Penn. St. 9; Read v. Howe, 39 Iowa, 553; Montgomery v. Johnson, 31 Ark. 74. The statutes of this State touching this subject, from the earliest enactments, have not been so stringent in their terms as those of many other States in prescribing the mode of proceeding by which the power of sale in such cases is to be put in motion. In some jurisdictions it is required as a prerequisite to such proceedings that a full and complete inventory and appraisement of all the personal property of the estate shall have been filed or exhibited, together with a full and correct statement of all the real estate of the decedent, and a true account of all the debts that have come to the knowledge of the administrator. And in construing statutes of' this character it is held that an averment in the petition of the existence of debts against the estate to a certain or ascertained amount is indispensable, that being the averment of a jurisdictional fact, and necessary to the validity of the proceedings even upon a collateral attack. Haynes v. Meeks, 20 Cal. 288; Hilton’s Appeal, 9 Atl. Bep. 434. The language of the statute in this State is as follows: “In cases of intestacy, lands may be sold by the administrator for the payment of debts when the personal estate is insufficient therefor.” — Code of 1886, § 2104. The mode of proceeding for the exercise of the power of sale given by the above mentioned statute is prescribed by section 2106, et seq., of the Code, the section just mentioned being as follows : “The application for the sale of lands, either for payment of debts or for division, must be made by the executor or administrator in writing, verified by affidavit, to the Probate Court having jurisdiction of the estate, must describe the land accurately, must give the names of the heirs or de-visees, and their places of residence, and must also state whether any, and which, of such heirs or devisees are under the age of twenty-one years, or of unsound mind, or are married women, and such application may be contested by any party interested in the estate.” This section, it will be noticed,1 does not ex vi termini require an allegation in the — 548 — petition tbat tbe personal property belonging to tbe decedent’s estate is insufficient for tbe payment of debts, and in construing it tbis court bas beld tbat on direct attack by appeal tbe proceeding is in personam, but on collateral attack it is to be regarded as in rem; tbat many of tbe facts required by tbe statute to be averred are not jurisdictional, and tbat tbe failure to allege tbem in a petition is not fatal to tbe validity of tbe proceeding on a collateral attack. — Garrett v. Bruner, 59 Ala. 513. Section 2111. however, requires, tbat on tbe day for bearing tbe application for tbe sale of lands tbe applicant must sbow to tbe court tbat tbe personal property of tbe estate is insufficient for tbe payment of debts, sucb proof to be made by tbe depositions of disinterested witnesses, to be filed and recorded. Tbe requirement of tbis proof presupposes or implies appropriate averments in tbe petition under wbicb it is to be admitted, and tbis section, taken in connection with section 2104, makes it manifest tbat tbe insufficiency of personal property for tbe payment of tbe debts of tbe estate is tbe jurisdictional fact upon tbe existence of wbicb tbe right and power of sale, in sucb cases, is made to depend. In no statute of tbis State is there any requirement of tbe pre-ascertainment of tbe amount of debts against'the estate, nor of tbe value of tbe personal property, nor do we find any stress laid on tbe amount of sucb indebtedness, except tbe requirement tbat it shall exceed tbe value of the personalty ; wbicb fact is to be shown by tbe depositions of disinterested witnesses; and it would seem, in tbe light of tbis last requirement, tbat very great strictness or exactness ought not to be insisted on when sucb proof is required to be made by those who, only in exceptional cases, can be supposed to have personal knowledge of sucb fact, but must rely either upon tbe inventory, appraisement, and file-book of tbe court, or on information derived from tbe administrator. Tbe jurisdictional fact wbicb is tbe ground-work of tbe entire proceeding, and wbicb, when made to appear to tbe court by an appropriate petition, is sufficient to set in operation tbe exercise of tbis special jurisdiction, is not tbe existence of a pre-ascertained and specified amount of indebtedness, but tbe fact tbat an indebtedness exists, for tbe payment of wbicb tbe personal property is insufficient. In making sucb facts appear in tbe allegations of a petition, we do not hesitate to say tbat good pleading would suggest tbe propriety of averring tbat tbe estate owed debts to a certain specified amount, ' and that tbe value of tbe per — 549 — sonal property was a specified amount, and tbat tbe personal property was insufficient to pay such debts, as was indicated by this court in the ease of Quarles v. Campbell, 72 Ala. 64. But the strictness of the old rules of pleading have been so greatly relaxed, and the manifest leaning of our statutes against objections which can not affect the substantial justice of the case, make it a more reasonable conclusion that an averment in a petition, in such cases, in the language of the statute, that the personal estate is insufficient for the payment of the debts, presents a substantial issue, leaving it to the proof to develop the amount of existing debts and the value of the personal property of the estate. Whatever the amount of the indebtednes may be, if it exceeds the value of the personalty, it is a proper case for the exercise of the jurisdiction, under the statute; and if, as an abstract or strict question of pleading, an averment that the personal estate is insufficient for the payment of the debts would be regarded as the averment of a mere conclusion of the pleader, we think the statute renders it the statement of a fact, upon which a substantial issue maybe joined. — South & North Ala. R. Co. v. Thompson, 62 Ala. 494. Under our statutes, “all pleadings must be as brief as is consistent with perspicuity, and the presentation of the facts or the 2Hfitter to be put in issue in an intelligible form.” The forms for pleadings prescribed in this State are brief and simple, and this court has frequently held that pleadings which comply even substantially with such forms are sufficient, and in the case last cited it is said: “The forms consist of general allegations of legal conclusions, rather than a statement of the particular facts which will support them.” It can not be supposed that the legislative purpose is that a greater degree of strictness shall obtain in cases of this (¡lass than in the Circuit and City Courts, when the latter are presided over by judges skilled in the law, while the former, as matter of common knowledge, are so often presided over by those untrained in the law, and the proceedings in which are so often loosely conducted. It is' elementary law that where a statute creates a new offense, unknown to the common law, and describes its constituents, it is sufficient to charge the offense in the language of the statute. 1 Brick. Digest, p. 499, § 784. Also, that the indictment in such cases need not pursue the very words of the statute ; it is sufficient if other words, fully descriptive of the offense, and of equivalent import to those used in the statute, are employed. — 1 Brick. Dig. p. 499, § 736. To hold, therefore, that a petition containing an averment of this jurisdictional — 550 — fact substantially in tbe language of tbe statute, (which creates a new proceeding unknown to tbe common law,) is fatally defective, would be tbe application of a very much stricter rule of pleading to proceedings of this nature than is to be found in any of the forms or analogies obtaining in tbe other courts of law for cases involving rights of property or person, and we can not think such Avas the legislative intent. The allegation in the petition in the case at bar is, “that the personal property of the estate is insufficient to pay tbe debts of said estate. . . . Petitioner further avers that it is necessary to sell said real estate of said decedent to pay the debts of said estate.” In tbe year 1891, appellees, as heirs at laA\r of Cl. E. Hol-loAvay, deceased, petitioned the Probate Court of Pike county to set aside and vacate an order for tbe sale of lands belonging to the estate of said decedent, which order was made in a proceeding commenced by appellant, as administrator, by filing a petition which, among other things, contained the averments above set forth. The objections urged against the validity of the proceeding raised the question whether the averments above quoted sufficiently alleged the jurisdictional fact upon which the validity of the proceeding is made by the statute to depend. The general rule is, where the court has jurisdiction of the parties and the subject-matter of the particular case, its judgment is not open to attack or impeachment by parties or privies in any collateral action or proceeding whatever. No errror in its proceeding Avhich did not affect the jurisdiction will render the proceedings void, nor can such errors be considered when the judgment is brought collaterally into question. — 1 Black on Judg. § 245. This rule is equally as applicable to the judgment of a court of special or limited jurisdiction as to a court of general jurisdiction; all reasonable intendments being indulged, hoAvever, in favor of the regularity and validity of the latter, Avhile the records of the former must affirmatively sIioav that the jurisdiction of the court attached. “Once it appears that it had jurisdiction to proceed, and did proceed, the same presumptions prevail in favor of the action and record of the inferior as of the superior court, and the verity of its record and the presumption which support it are alike indisputable in any collateral way.” — 1 Black on Judg. § Ex parte Davis, 95 Ala. 9. In 1 Freeman on Judgments, § 118, it is said: “There can be no doubt that the filing of a petition or complaint such as ought not to be deemed sufficient on demurrer may confer — 551 — jurisdiction,” and this proposition finds support in tbe following decisions of tbis court. — Robinson v. Bradford, 70 Ala. 355; Wright’s Heirs v. Ware, 50 Ala. 557; King v. Kent’s Heirs, 29 Ala. 543. Unquestionably, tbe allegations above quoted from tbe petition in tbis case, however imperfect or inartificial wben tested by strict rules of pleading, affirmatively show tbat tbe case of wbicb tbe petition seeks to liave tbe court take jurisdiction is of tbat class of cases of wbicb tbe court bas jurisdiction by tbe terms of tbe statute. Going back to tbe origin of tbis jurisdiction in tbis State, we find tbat tbe act of 1822 required in terms that tbe petition should contain an allegation “tbat tbe personal estate of bis intestate or testator (as the case may be) is not sufficient for tbe payment of tbe just debts of such intestate or testator,” and also the identical facts now required to be set forth in tbe petition by section 2104 of tbe present Code. Clay’s Dig. p. 224, § 16. In tbe various re-enactments of this statute since tbe statute of 1822, there bas been a substantial adherence to tbe language of tbat statute; at all events, wo can not perceive that there bas been such a change in tbe phraseology as to clearly manifest a change in tbe legislative intent; in fact, tbe only notable difference is tbe omission from tbe present statute (2106) of tbe requirement of tbe allegation as to tbe insufficiency of tbe personalty for tbe payment of tbe debts of tlie estate. Tbis omission, and tbe enactment of section 2111 requiring proof to be made of tbat fact, may be suggestive of a legislative intent tbat tbe jurisdiction should depend, not upon tbe averment of tbat fact, but upon its proof. — Code of 1886, §§ 2111, 2114. We are not to be understood, however, as going to tbat length, our purpose being simply to show that in tbe successive reenactments of tbe law nothing has been introduced by tbe legislature wbicb warrants any addition by judicial construction to tbe essential averments of tbe petition in such cases, or wbicb requires tbe application of any stricter rule of pleading than was necessary under tbe terms of tbe original statute. Tbe form of petition shown by tbis record bas been very generally recognized and acted on by tbe profession in this State, and by the probate judges, up to tbe time of tbe decision of tbis court in tbe case of Quarles v. Gamp-bed, supra, and, doubtless, a large proportion of tbe proceedings in tbe Probate Courts of tbis State are based on petitions of this character, and tbe title to much valuable city and farm property held by tbe virtue of such proceedings. While tbis may not pier se furnish a reason for establishing — 552 — a rule of decision, we do not hesitate to say that m a case where the decisions of this court hare varied it is not only competent, but altogether proper, that the Consequences or results of the different rules of decision should be considered, and that one adhered to which will cause less hardship and best subserve the interests of justice and right. Looking back to the decisions of this court prior to Quarles v. Campbell, we find an unbroken line giving a liberal construction to proceedings under this statute when attacked collaterally. In Duval v. McCloskey’s Heirs, 1 Ala. 708, the sale was attacked collaterally on the ground that there was not sufficient of record to show jurisdiction in the court making the sale. The petition for the sale was lost, but the decree of sale recited the fact that a petition had been filed, and that it showed the personal property was insufficient to pay the debts of the estate, and the decree was sustained in this court. This case was afterwards re-affirmed in Field’s Heirs v. Goldsby, 28 Ala. 224, and has frequently been cited with approval in later decisions of this court. In Saltonstall v. Riley, 28 Ala. 164, the petition for the sale of the decedent’s lands contains almost the identical language employed in the petition we are now considering, and this court, on collateral attack, held it to be sufficient, and sustained the decree of sale. In King v. Kent’s Heirs, 29 Ala. 542, it is said: “In determining upon the validity of proceedings in the Orphans’ Court, when collaterally assailed, it is only necessary to inquire whether the court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter; for the proceeding is in rem, and no mere irregularities can render it void.” And in the same case it is further said : “When the petition is directly assailed, the question is one of pleading, and the intendments are made against the pleader ; but a different rule prevails when the proceedings have gone into a decree, under which rights of property have attached. Then every reasonable intendment in the construction of the language of the petition must be in favor of the validity of the paper. Under a different rule, designing persons might withhold objections for amendable defects until after the proceedings had terminated, and rights had attached, and then vitiate the whole proceeding; thus converting a court of justice into a snare.” And again : “While the principle that the jurisdiction of courts of limited authority must be shown by the record is too deeply rooted in our law for us to supply by intendment the omissions of the jurisdictional facts from the record, authority, public policy, and justice alike require that, in determining whether the record does disclose the jurisdictional facts, we should con — 553 — strue tbe language of tlie record most favorably for the maintenance of the decree, and, where words are susceptible of two or more constructions, adopt that which will sustain the decree.” To the same effect are other decisions of this court, and the decisions of other courts in like cases.— Wyman v. Campbell, 6 Porter, 242 ; Satcher v. Satcher, 41 Ala. 40 ; DeBardelaben v. Stoudenmire, 48 Ala. 648; Wright’s Herrs v. Ware, 50 Ala. 557; Robinson v. Bradford, 70 Ala. 855; Lyons v. Humuer, 84 Ala. 197, re-affirming Duval v. McCloskey’s Heirs, 1 Ala. 708; Stuart v. Allen, 16 Cal. 474; Iverson v. Loberq, 26 Ill., 179 ; Tutt v. Boy, 51 Mo. 425 ; Bree v. Bree, 51 Ill., 867. In Stuart v. Allen, supra, it is said, “We can make no nice criticism of the mere form of a statement in cases like this, and hold its proceedings void.” In Iverson v. Loberg, supra, it is said: ‘We are obliged to affirm this judgment, much against our inclination. This sale was no doubt a great outrage, and we should, as at present advised, not hesitate to reverse the proceeding, were it directly before us. But here it comes up collaterally, and we can not disregard that proceeding unless it was void for the want of jurisdiction. We can not hold that such was the case. The petition stated enough to require the court to act in the premises, to set it in motion, and that was sufficient to give it jurisdiction.” And in DeBardelaben v. Stoudenmire, supra, it is said : “Although it is not directly so stated in the petition, yet what is said, reasonably interpreted, leads to that conclusion ; . . . any words that necessarily convey to the mind all that the statute requires are sufficient.” In Meadows v. Meadows, 73 Ala. 356, the sufficiency of a petition for the sale of lands in a case of this kind was upheld by “logical deduction” from the language employed in the petition. In King v. Kent’s Heirs, 29 Ala. 542, the sufficiency of a petition for the sale of lands was sustained on collateral attack, notwithstanding its averments of the jurisdictional facts were in form but conclusions of the pleader; the court saying: “It is undeniably true that the words, ‘Your petitioner is satisfied that said estate would be less injured,’ <fcc., would not be deemed an averment in pleading when assailed by demurrer, or by motion to dismiss. It would be regarded as the assertion of the conviction of the petitioner’s mind, and not of a fact. But the question is materially different when the petition is collaterally assailed as the predicate of the jurisdiction of the court.” Becurring again to the averments of the petition before us, what is necessarily implied in the averment “that the — 554 — personal property of the estate is insufficient to pay tbe debts of the estate,” giving to these words their natural meaning and import? The words “debts of the estate” naturally import debts owed by the decedent’s estate. And treating the former as the equivalent of the latter, the whole averment reasonably embodies or implies an allegation of two facts, viz: that the decedent’s estate owes debts, and that the personal property is insufficient for the payment thereof, and therefore, substantially complies with the statute. The case of Quarles v. Campbell, 72 Ala. 64, while it suggests a suitable, and the better, mode of presenting in the petition in such cases the facts constuting, under the statute, the jurisdictional grounds for such proceeding, lays down a stricter rule of pleading than is required by the terms of the statute itself, or the forms and analogies furnished in our system of pleading for other courts of the State, and is, therefore, modified, to the extent that it holds it necessary for the petition to contain an averment of the existence of debts to a certain or an estimated amount. The case of Abernathy v. O’Reilly, 90 Ala. 495, is opposed to the principles and authorities herein referred to, and is, therefore, overruled on the point indicated by its first headnote. The judgment of the Circuit Court is reversed, and judgment will be here rendered denying appellees’ petition. Reversed and rendered.