St. Louis Southwestern Railway Co. v. State ex rel. Norwood

Hast, J. (after stating the facts) : Counsel for defendant contend that it has paid its taxes under Act No. 251 of Acts of 1911, providing for the taxation of its property in the State of Arkansas, and that the imposition of a franchise tax under Act No. 112 of Acts of 1911 is invalid, but we can not agree with them in their contention. The Constitution of the State of Arkansas provides how foreign corporations may be authorized to do business in the State in the following language: “Foreign corporations may be authorized to do business in this State under such limitations and restrictions as may be prescribed by law. Provided, that no such corporation shall do any business in this State except while it maintains therein one or more known places of business and an authorized agent or agents in the same upon whom process may be served; and, as to contracts made or business done in this State, they shall be subject to the same regulations, limitations and liabilities as like corporations of this State, and shall exercise no other or greater powers, privileges or franchises than may be exercised by like corporations of this State, nor shall they have power to condemn or appropriate private property.” Article 12, section 11, of the Constitution of 1874. . Under the head of “finance and taxation,” our Constitution, article 16, section 5, is as follows: “All property subject to taxation shall be taxed according to its value, that value to be ascertained in such manner as the General"Assembly shall direct, making the same equal and uniform throughout the State. No one species of property from which a tax may be collected shall be taxed higher than another species of property of equal value. ’ ’ Article 16, section 7, is as follows: “The power to tax corporations and corporate property shall not be surrendered or suspended by any contract or grant to which the State may be a party.” Our court has held that a corporation owes its existence to the State, and the right to enjoy this privilege is a subject of taxation, and that upon the power of the Legislature to impose such a tax there exists no restriction in our Constitution. In the case of a foreign corporation, the tax or license is paid for the privilege of exercising its corporate powers in the State. Baker v. State, 44 Ark. 138, and cases cited. In the case of Standard Underground Cable Company v. Attorney General, 46 N. J. Eq. 270, 19 Am. St. Rep. 394, the question as to whether a certain license tax imposed upon the corporation was a tax upon corporate property was involved. The corporation insisted that the tax was a violation of that provision of the Constitution of New Jersey which provides “that property shall be assessed for taxation under general laws and by uniform rules according to its true value.” The court said: “The fault of this position is the assumption that this tax is one upon property. Such, manifestly, is not the case. The law in question imposes a tax on certain corporations by way of a license for exercising corporate franchises. It is declared to be such tax by the Act, and, although it is laid on this class of corporations with respect to the capital stock, the tax possesses the legal quality of a license or franchise tax. Evening Journal Association v. State Board of Assessors, 47 N. J. L. 36; 54 Am. St. Rep. 114; Cooley on Taxation, (2 ed.) 379, and cases cited.” In the passage of the act in question, no doubt the Legislature had in mind the fact that the right or privilege to be or exist as a corporation, although a matter of value to the stockholders of the corporation, is not an asset of the corporation and transferrable as such, and that its value can not, under ordinary rules, be ascertained for the purpose of taxation as property, but since it is a privilege or right granted by the State, a franchise tax may be imposed upon this right or privilege for the purpose of raising revenue. We think it plain, then, under our Constitution and decisions, that the act in question is valid unless it be held a burden upon interstate commerce. It is earnestly insisted by counsel for defendant that the tax in question, although levied in the guise of a franchise or excise tax, is in reality a taxation of interstate commerce. They rely upon the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, cited below, and other decisions of a like character to sustain their position. Western Union Tel. Co. v. State of Kansas, 216 U. S. 1; Ludwig v. Western Union Tel. Co., 216 U. S. 146; Oklahoma v. The Wells-Fargo & Co., 223 U. S. 298; U. S. Express Co. v. Minn., 223 U. S. 335. It is settled by these decisions that State laws may not burden interstate commerce, but the right of the State to. tax property although it is used in interstate commerce, is equally well settled by them. In the case of the U. S. Express Co. v. Minn., supra, the court said: “The difficulty has been, and is, to distinguish between legitimate attempts to exert the taxing power of the State and those laws which, though in the guise of taxation, impose real burdens upon interstate commerce as such. This difficulty was recognized in Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Ry. Co. v. Texas, 210 U. S. 217, wherein the possible differences between the decisions in Philadelphia Steamship Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U. S. page 326, and Maine v. Grand Trunk Ry. Co., 142 U. S. page 217, were commented upon and explained. Mr. Justice Holmes, speaking for the court, said: “ ‘By whatever name the exaction may be called, if it amounts to no more than the ordinary tax upon property or a just equivalent therefor, ascertained by reference thereto, it is not open to attack as inconsistent with the Constitution.’ Postal Tel. Cable Co. v. Adams, 155 U. S. 688, 697. See New York, Lake Erie & Western R. R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 158 U. S. 431, 438, 439. The question is, whether this is such a tax. It appears sufficiently, perhaps from what has been said, that we are to look for a practical, rather than a logical or philosophical distinction. The State must be allowed to tax the property and to tax it at its actual value as a going concern. On the other hand, the State can not tax the interstate business. The two necessities hardly admit of an absolute logical reconciliation. Yet the distinction is not without sense. When a Legislature is trying simply to value property, it is less likely to attempt to or effect injurious regulation than when it is aiming directly at the receipts from interstate commerce. A practical line can be drawn by taking tbe whole scheme of taxation into account. That must be done by this court as best it can. In that case the statute of Texas was condemned, because it appeared to the court to be an attempt to reach the receipts from interstate commerce by a tax of one per cent, or what was equal to the same thing, on gross receipts arising from such commerce, when.it appeared from the judgment of the State court and the argument on behalf of the State that another tax on the property had already been levied, covering its full value as a going concern. The tax under consideration was held to be merely an effort to reach the gross receipts, not disguised by the name of an occupation tax or in any way helped by the words “equal to.” Upon like reasoning, the statute of Oklahoma was condemned in the case of Oklahoma v. Wells Fargo & Co., decided today, ante, page 298.” The statute under consideration in that case was upheld because the court said that it was a part of a system long in force in Minnesota, passed under the authority of the State Constitution, and that it was intended to afford a means of valuing property of express companies within the State. Continuing, the court said: “While the determination that the tax is a property tax measured by gross receipts is not binding upon this court, we are not prepared to say that this conclusion is not well founded, in view of the provisions and purposes of the law.” In the case at bar the gross receipts from all sources of the railway company have not been used as a means for ascertaining the value of the property in the State. By the express provision of Act No. 251, enacted for the purpose of providing the manner for assessing for taxation the property of railroad companies the right to be or exist as a corporation was expressly excluded from the items which go to make up the value of the property of the corporation. As we have already seen, the right or privilege to be or exist as a corporation is the subject of taxation, and this right’ or privilege is not considered in fixing the value of the property of corporations under Act No. 251, the general tax act. Our State has fixed a franchise tax based solely “upon the proportion of outstanding capital stock of corporations represented by property owned and used in business transacted in this State. ’ ’ The act in question seems to have been drawn with great care and with the evident purpose to exclude any contention that the tax was made upon interstate commerce. The framers of the act evidently considered the cases of Ludwig v. Western Union Tel. Co., supra, and the Western Union Tel. Co. v. Kansas, supra, and therefore intended to, pass an act that would not be contrary to the principles therein announced. We think it has done so. It will be noted in the Ludwig case, the statute requires a foreign corporation engaged in interstate commerce to pay as a license tax for doing intrastate business, a given amount on its capital stock whether employed within the State or elsewhere, and the court held that on the authority of the Kansas case, the statute in question was unconstitutional and void because it directly burdened interstate commerce and imposed a tax on property beyond the jurisdiction of the State. So, in the Kansas case, the State demanded in the form of a fee or tax a given per cent of all the capital stock of foreign corporations, without any discrimination between the capital represented in business and property of the telegraph company outside of the State, and the capital representing such of its business and property as was wholly local to the State, and the court held that the act for every practical purpose was in essence not simply a tax for the privilege of doing local business in the State, but was a burden and tax on the company’s interstate business,, and on its property located or used outside of the State. The court said: ‘ ‘ To hold otherwise, is to allow form to control substance. It is easy to be seen that if every State should pass a statute similar to that enacted by Kansas, not only the freedom of interstate commerce would be destroyed, the decisions of this court nullified, and the business of tbe country thrown into confusion, but each State would continue to'meet its own local expenses not only by exactions that directly burdened such commerce, but by taxation upon property situated beyond its limits.” In tbe case at bar, our State bas not fixed a franchise tax based upon a per cent of tbe entire capital stock, but bas based it solely “upon tbe proportion of tbe outstanding capital stock of tbe corporation represented by property owned and used in business transacted in this State.” In the case of Wells Fargo & Co.’s Express v. Crawford County, 63 Ark. 576, at page 589, tbe court said: “Tbe Legislature bas tbe power to classify property for tbe purpose of taxation and to provide for tbe valuation of different classes by different methods. Constitution 1874, article 15, section 5; St. L., I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Worthen, 52 Ark. 529. * * * Without such classification, tbe property of such companies could not be assessed as a unit, and tbe Legislature bas tbe power to require that tbe value of such property be ascertained by considering it in that way. It bas been many times held; both by tbe Supreme Court of tbe United States and by State appellate courts, that tbe property of railroads, telegraph, sleeping car and express companies engaged in interstate commerce may be valued as a unit for tbe purpose of taxation, and that a proportion of tbe whole, fairly and properly ascertained, may be taxed by tbe State in which it is situated. Sanford v. Poe, 17 Supreme Court Rep. 305; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Taggart, 163 U. S. 1; Pittsburg Ry. Co. v. Backus, 154 U. S. 421; Pullman Car Co. v. Pennsylvania, 141 U. S. 18; W. U. Tel. Co. v. Attorney General of Mass., 125 U. S. 530; State v. Jones, 51 Ohio St. 492.’ We think tbe act in question, is valid and comes squarely within tbe principles announced in tbe case of Maine v. Grand Trunk Ry. Co., 142 U. S. 217, where tbe court made the following ruling: “A State statute which requires every corporation, person or association operating a railroad within the State to pay an annual tax for the privilege of exercising its franchises therein to be determined by the amount of its gross transportation receipts, and further provides that, when applied to a railroad lying partly within and partly without the State, or to one operated as a part of a line or system extending beyond the State, the tax shall be equal to the proportion of the gross receipts in the State, to be ascertained in the manner provided by the statute, does not conflict with the Constitution of the United States; and the tax thereby imposed upon a foreign corporation, operating a line of railway, partly within and partly without the State, is one within the power of the State to levy.” The decree will be affirmed.