Oakes v. N. P. R. R.

Lord, J. — The defendant does not deny liability for the. loss or destruction of the personal baggage of the plaintiff j and of the members of his troupe, but it denies liability for property other than actual personal baggage. In determining the question presented by this record, it is necessary to understand the nature and extent of the obligation which a carrier of passengers by rail assumes as respects the personal baggage of the passenger. That obligation requires it not only to carry the passenger, but also! to carry a reasonable amount of his personal baggage. “The carriage of the baggage of the passenger,” said Andrews, J., “ under reasonable limitations as to amount, is the ordinary incident to the carriage of the passenger, and the duty arises on the part of the company to carry the baggage of the passenger as incident to the principal contract without any specific agreement or separate compensation.” (Isaacson v. R. R. Co. 94 N. Y. 278.) As respects such baggage, a carrier of passengers is held to the same liability as a common carrier of goods. For its loss or destruction, save by the act of God or the public enemy, it must respond, though without fault on its part. To this extent it is an insurer, and is responsible, for the carriage and safe delivery of such baggage, the same* as goods intrusted to it as freight. But it is only to such articles as may be legally termed baggage that such liability attaches, no matter what may be the contents of the bag or trunk. As to what constitutes baggage in the legal sense, or ordinary baggage, or personal baggage, as commonly used in England, it has been found by the courts difficult if not — 396 — impossible to define with accuracy within the meaning of the rule of the carrier’s liability. “ It is agreed on all hands,” said Erle, C. J., “ that it is impossible to draw any very well-defined line as to what is and what is not necessary or ordinary luggage for a traveler. That which one traveler would consider indispensable would be deemed superflous and unnecessary by another. But the general habits and wants of mankind must be taken to be in the mind of the carrier when he receives a passenger for conveyance.” Phelps v. L. & W. R. Co. 19 C. B. N. S. 321.) In a general sense, it may be said to include such articles as it is usual for persons travelling to take with them for their pleasure, convenience and comfort according to the habits and wants of the class to which they belong. In Weeks v. R. R. Co. 9 Hun 669, it is said that a passenger may carry with him “such articles of necessity and convenience as are usually carried by passengers for their personal use and comfort, instruction and convenience or protection.” In Jordan v. Fall River R. Co. 5 Cush. 69, 51 Am. Dec. 44, the rule is stated to be “that baggage includes such articles as are of necessity or convenience for personal use, and such as is usual for persons travelling to take with them.” In Johnson v. Stone, 11 Humph. 419, the court said : “ It is not practical to state with precise accuracy what shall be included by the term baggage. It certainly includes articles of necessity and personal convenience usually carried by passengers for their personal use; and what these may be will very much depend upon the habits, tastes and resources of the passenger.” In Hannibal R. Co. v Swift, 12 Wall. 262, Mr. Justice Field said that the contract to “ carry the person only implies an undertaking to transport such a limited quantity of articles as are ordinarily taken by travelers for personal use and convenience, such quantity depending, of course, upon the station of the party, the object and length of his journey and many other considerations.” In Macrow v. The Great Western Railway, L. R. 6 Q. B. 612, Cockburn, C. J., said: “Whatever the passenger takes — 397 — with him for his personal use and convenience, according to the habits or wants of the particular class to which he belongs, either with reference to the immediate necessities or to the ultimate purpose of the journey, must be considered as personal luggage. This would include not only articles of apparel, whether for use or ornament, * * * but also the gun-case or fishing apparatus of the sportsman, the easel of the artist on a sketching tour, or the books of the student, and other articles of an analogous character, the use of which is personal to the traveler and the taking of which has arisen from the fact of his journeying. On the other hand, the term ordinary luggage, being thus confined to that which is personal to the passenger and carried, for his use and convenience, it follows that what is carried for the purpose of business, such as merchandise and the like, or for larger and ulterior purposes, such as articles of furniture or household goods, would not come within the description of ordinary luggage unless accepted as such by the carrier.” See also 1 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, “ Baggage,” 1042; 2 Rorer on Rail. 988; Hutchinson on Carriers, §§ 674, 685, 686. So that it would seem that baggage in the sense of the law may consist of such articles of apparel as the necessity, convenience, comfort or recreation of the passenger may require him to take for his personal use, according to the habits or wants of the particular class to which he belongs, either with reference to the immediate necessities or the ultimate purpose of the journey. The question what articles of property, as to quantity and value, contained in a trunk, may be dee?ned baggage within the rule, is to be determined by the jury according to the circumstances of the case, subject to the power of the court to correct any abuse. (Railroad Co. v. Fraloff, 100 U. S. 24; Romar v. Maxwell, 9 Humph. 622; Brock v. Gale, 14 Fla. 523, 14 Am. Rep. 356; Mauritz v. N. Y. R. Co. 21 Am. & E. R. Cases, 286.) As the contract of the carrier of passengers is to carry a reasonable amount of baggage for the accommodation of the passenger, “it follows from the nature and object of the — 398 — contract,” as observed by Appleton, C. J., “that the right of the passenger is limited to the baggage required for his pleasure, convenience and necessity during the journey.” (Wilson v. Grand Trunk R. R. Co. 56 Me. 62, 96 Am Dec. 435.) Articles of whatever kind that do not properly come within the description of ordinary baggage are not included within the terms of such contract, nor is the carrier liable for their loss or destruction in the absence of negligence. Stage properties, costumes, paraphernalia, advertising matter, etc., are not articles required for the pleasure or convenience or necessity of the passenger during his journey, but are plainly intended for the larger or ulterior purposes of carrying on the theatrical business. They do not fall, therefore, under the denomination of baggage, and, in the absence of negligence, no liability can arise against the carrier for their loss or destruction, unless accepted as baggage by the carrier) and so the special verdict of the jury found. They segregated the articles which might properly be termed baggage from, those carried for the purposes of business, and found separately the value of each, but by their general verdict found the company liable for the full value of the property upon the assumption that the trunks and their contents were received by the company as baggage. The bill of exceptions discloses that the court charged the jury among other things as follows: “ There is another phase of this question. If you find from all the evidence in the case that these trunks were brought to the agent of the company, and their appearance indicated that they might not only contain the personal baggage, in the strict sense of the word, of the party, but that other things than baggage were received without objection, and no fraud or concealment was practiced by the plaintiff; if the trunks on their face advertised fully what their contents were, and their agents received them under these circumstances, and gave checks for them, and the company, through these agents and employes, took them into its charge without making any objection, — then the defendant is to be deemed to have taken these articles — 399 — as baggage,” etc. In substance, the complaint alleges that the defendant was fully informed of the contents of the trunks prior to their delivery, and that the defendant received and checked them as baggage, which is put in issue by the denials of the answer. Although the bill of exceptions contains no evidence, nor is any certified to us by this record, the issue permitted and the instruction was designed to meet the evidence upon this phase of the case. Under such circumstances, we are bound to assume that there was evidence tending to show that the defendant had notice of the nature of the property, and received it as baggage for transportation. In this view, the general verdict is not inconsistent with the special findings, for if the defendant knowingly permitted the plaintiff to take as baggage articles that would not come under that description, it is liable for their loss though not arising from its negligence. While it is true that passenger carriers are not liable for merchandise and the like when packed up with a traveler’s baggage, if the baggage be lost, yet if the merchandise be so packed as to he obviously merchandise to the eye, and the carries takes it without objection, he is liable for the loss. (Story on Bail. § 499.) Thus in the case of Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Shepherd, 8 Ex. 30, Parke, B., said: “ If the plaintiff had carried these articles exposed, or had packed them in the shape of merchandise, so that the company might have known what they were, and they had chosen to treat them as personal luggage and carry them without demanding any extra remuneration, they would have been responsible for the loss. So, also, upon any limit in point of weight, if the company chose to allow a passenger to carry more, they would be liable.” And in Macrow v. Great Western Ry. Co. supra, Cockburn, C. J., said: “If the carrier permits the passenger, either on payment or without payment of an extra charge, to take more than the regulated quantity of luggage, or knowingly permits him to take as personal luggage articles that would not come under that denomination, he will be liable for their loss though not arising from his negligence.” — 400 — In Sloman v. Great W. Ry. Co. 6 Hun, 546, Gilbert, J., after stating and citing authorities to sustain the proposition that railroad companies are not liable for the loss of merchandise delivered to them under the guise of baggage for transportation along with a passenger, said: “They are liable, if they knowingly undertake to transport merchandise in trunks or boxes which have been received by them for transportation, in passenger trains, unless the agent who receives the packages for that purpose violates a regulation of the company by so doing, and the passenger or owner of the goods has notice of such regulation”; citing Butler v. Hud. R. R. Co. 3 E. D. Smith, 571, and other cases. See also 2 Wait’s Actions & Defenses, 82. “Doubtless,” said Mitchell; J., “if the carrier had actual notice of the nature of the property and still received it as baggage, he would be liable.” (Haines v. C. St. P. & M. & O. Ry. Co. 29 Minn. 161, 43 Am. Rep. 199.) So in Texas, etc., Ry. Co. v. Capps, 16 A. & E. R. Ca. 118, it was held that where a railroad company, through its .baggage or ticket agent, receives articles for transportation as baggage, knowing at the time that such articles are not properly ¡baggage, the company will be responsible therefor as a common ¡carrier, and will be estopped from denying that the same was baggage. (C. R. I. & P. R. Co. v. Conklin, Id. 116; Minter v. P. R. Co. 41 Mo. 503, 97 Am. Dec. 288.) Again, in Hoeger v. C. M., etc., Ry. Co. 63 Wis. 100, 53 Am. Rep. 271, a travelling agent applied to a railroad company to transport his sample trunks as baggage, and the company knowing their contents, received and checked them as baggage, and carried them as such on the passenger train on which he rode, and the court held that both parties were estopped to claim that such trunks were not baggage, and to be treated as such, and not as ordinary freight. So that while the obligation of a carrier of passengers is limited to ordinary baggage, yet if it knowingly permits a passenger, either on payment or without payment of an extra charge, to take articles as personal baggage which are not properly such, it will be liable for their loss or destruction though without fault. Now, the issue invites and the instruction — 401 — indicates that there was evidence tending to prove that the contents of the trunks were fully advertised, and that the agent of the defendant knew that they contained, besides personal apparel, stage costumes and properties, and that they were received and checked as baggage, and in such case, the defendant is liable for loss though without fault, as the jury have found by their verdict, and the court affirmed by its judgment. In this view there is no inconsistency in the general verdict with the special findings, and the j udgment must be affirmed.