Hamilton v. Baggage & Omnibus Transfer Co.

HARRIS, J. The defendant claims that the evidence shows that the trunk was stolen. The defendant admits that it received and'stored the trunk in its warehouse. There is nothing to indicate that the trunk was stolen, except the fact that when the plaintiff called for the trunk the defendant searched for it, but could not find it, and the further circumstance that the company kept a watchman in the warehouse. The defendant contends that because of language employed in the amended complaint the action must be held to be an action in trover, and that therefore the plaintiff cannot prevail if the trunk was stolen, even though the defendant was negligent. The plaintiff asseverates that the action is not in trover, but is in assumpsit on a bailment contract. 1-4. Upon the failure of the defendant to deliver the trunk, the plaintiff had an election of remedies; for she was entitled to sue and frame her complaint on the theory that the action should be treated as the equivalent of a common-law action in assumpsit for a breach of the contract, or as an action in case for negligence, or, if there was a conversion of the goods, as an action in trover for the conversion: — 624 — Hackney v. Perry, 152 Ala. 626 (44 South. 1029); 6 C. J. 1152, 1153. The amended complaint alleges the contract of bailment and its breach, and in addition avers that the defendant “has converted the trunk and contents to its own use.” The plaintiff tried the cause on the theory that the action was in assumpsit, and evidently the Circuit Court decided it on the same theory. The defendant did not at any time ask that the plaintiff be required to declare her election between trover and assumpsit. In this situation the defendant cannot now claim that the action must be treated as one in trover rather than in assumpsit. ¥e have therefore viewed the action as one which has been prosecuted and tried in assumpsit rather than in trover, although the allegations of the complaint are sufficient to sustain an action in trover. Assuming, without deciding, that the complaint would have been vulnerable to a motion or a demurrer, if either had been filed before trial, nevertheless after judgment the amended complaint is sufficient to support a judgment rendered on the theory that the action is in assumpsit; and consequently, whether the trunk was stolen or misdelivered or otherwise lost, the defendant would be liable if the loss was caused by its negligence. 5. It is true that the burden of proof was on the plaintiff; but we think that the plaintiff has complied with the requirements of Hansen v. Oregon-Washingon R. & Nav. Co., ante, p. 190 (188 Pac. 963, 191 Pac. 655), and that there is substantial evidence to support the conclusion that the defendant was negligent. The check which the defendant gave to Norcross is labeled on its face “Duplicate Baggage Check.” The ñame of the defendant, its street address in — 625 — Portland, its telephone number, and the number of the cheek are also printed upon the face of the check. On the back of the check are printed the words, “Notice to Passengers,” and beneath those words appears in fine print the following language: “This check is issued to cover traveler’s baggage only, consisting of passenger’s wearing apparel, and the maximum liability assumed by this company in case of loss or damage is limited to $100, unless a greater value is declared by owner at time of checking and payment made therefor at the rate of 50c for each $100 additional value. “Receptacles not locked and baggage in damaged condition are accepted at owner’s risk of loss of contents by pilfering or otherwise. “Baggage under this check will be stored free for three days.” The check is 2% inches by 2yé inches in size. There is no evidence to indicate that Norcross had knowledge of the fine print, except the mere fact that the check was delivered to him. The plaintiff testified that she had no knowledge of anything on* the back of the check “until she saw the same in her attorney’s office at the time of the beginning of the case.” It may be assumed that, as contended by the defendant, the corporation occupied the position of bailee, with the duty of a warehouseman, and that only ordinary care was required of it in the performance of that duty. It may also be assumed that, although the bailee could not have exempted itself by contract from its own negligence (Pilsen v. Tiptop Auto Co., 67 Or. 528, 535 [136 Pac. 642]), nevertheless, as argued by the defendant, it was lawful to agree upon the value of the subject matter of the bailment: Normile v. Oregon Nav. Co., 41 Or. 177 — 626 — (69 Pac. 928). The-inquiry is narrowed, then, to the question: Did the parties actually or in contemplation of law agree to the conditions printed on the back of the check? The defendant says that they did, while the plaintiff says that they did not so agree. There is a marked difference between the situation created by the acceptance of a paper, which is delivered by one party and received by the other for the primary purpose of evidencing the terms of a contract, and the situation resulting from the acceptance of a check primarily designed as a token by which to identify a given article. If the bailor reads the conditions printed on the check, he is bound; and he is likewise bound if he knows what conditions the check contains, even though he does not read them. If, however, the bailor does not knoyr, and if it cannot be said that by reason of previous dealings or experience, or because of the form, size, or character of the check, or other like circumstances, he ought to have known that the document contained terms limiting liability, then he is not bound. The trial court found as a fact that the plaintiff “did not agree to any terms written on the back of said identification check”; and this finding is equivalent to saying that neither the plaintiff nor her agent agreed to the terms printed on the back of the document. 6. The bailor is not, as a matter of law, bound by the unknown terms of the check by his acceptance of it without objection, where the check consists of a small piece of pasteboard purporting and reasonably understood by him to be a mere voucher or token by which the subject of the bailment is to be identified: 6 C. J. 1112; 13 C. J. 277; Woodruff v. Sherrard, 9 Hun (N. Y.), 322; Smith v. Hughes, 63 Misc. Rep. 326 (117 N. Y. Supp. 162); Healy v. New York Cent. — 627 — & H. R. R. Co., 153 App. Div. 516 (138 N. Y. Supp. 287); Neuman v. National Shoe & Leather Exchange, 26 Misc. Rep. 388 (56 N. Y. Supp. 193). See Fonseca v. Cunard Steamship Co., 153 Mass. 553 (27 N. E. 665, 25 Am. St. Rep. 660, 12 L. R. A. 340); Wood v. Cunard Steamship Co., 192 Fed. 293 (112 C. C. A. 551, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 371). The corporation next insists that the trunk was received and stored by it as baggage, and that, since the plaintiff did not inform the defendant about the contents of the trunk, it cannot be held liable for any articles not properly classed as baggage. The plaintiff did not inform the defendant of the nature or value of the contents of the trunk, and there were no representations made except such, if any, as were implied by the circumstances. The defendant came into possession of the trunk through a railroad baggage' check delivered to it by the plaintiff, and the defendant contends that this fact, together with, the attending circumstances, amounted to an implied representation that the trunk contained baggage. Indeed, the voucher given to the plaintiff was called a “duplicate baggage check.” We shall assume, without deciding, that the plaintiff can recover the value of such articles only as could properly be classified as baggage if the controversy were one between a carrier and a passenger. The defendant takes the position that 19 of the articles contained in the trunk were not baggage. These disputed items, with their values, are as follows: Japanese basket, $3.75; aluminum needles, $5; teddy, $1.50; gold and pearl opera-glasses, $25; 3 thrift stamps, $.75; silverware, $8; linens and towels, $7; 1 dozen new photographs, $14; box of jewelry, $10; books, $2; electric iron, $5.50; 2 new leather — 628 — diaries, $2.75; 1 pair scissors, $1.25; hand-painted salt and pepper, $1.50; 2 crocheted collars, $5; other crocheted work, $15; pattern books, $1.25'; prayerbook, $1.50; about 30 sheets of music, $9. The statement has been frequently made that it is not practicable to say with precise accuracy just what the term “baggage” includes: Oakes v. Northern Pac. R. R. Co., 20 Or. 392, 395 (26 Pac. 230, 23 Am. St. Rep. 126, 12 L. R. A. 318); Hawkins v. Hoffman, 6 Hill (N. Y.), 586 (41 Am. Dec. 767); Johnson v. Stone, 11 Humph. (Tenn.) 419. The difficulty encountered in any attempt to frame a definition which will include all possible articles and exclude all else comes from the fact that, although there is a general rule commonly applied by the courts, a given article may properly be classified as baggage in one case and with like propriety be excluded from that classification in another ease. The definition, or generalization rather, usually found in the books, is to the effect that “baggage” includes whatever articles a passenger usually takes with him for his own personal use, comfort and convenience, according to the habits or wants of his class, either with reference to his immediate necessities or to the ultimate purpose of his journey. Whether or not an article is to be treated as baggage “is to be determined from the character and length of the journey the owner is on, its purposes and objects, his station in life, and the habits and usages of the class of travelers to which he belongs”: 10 C. J. 1188. A traveler may carry with him such articles as are fairly and ordinarily necessary to his personal comfort and convenience, both during the journey and for a reasonable time after its termination; and due consideration must be given to the nature of the journey, its immediate necessities, and — 629 — its ultimate purpose: Oakes v. Northern Pac. R. R. Co., 20 Or. 392 (26 Pac. 230, 23 Am. St. Rep. 126, 12 L. R. A. 318); Wells v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 59 Or. 165, 172 (114 Pac. 92, 116 Pac. 1070, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 818); Kansas City, Ft. S. & G. R. Co. v. Morrison, 34 Kan. 502 (9 Pac. 225, 55 Am. Rep. 252). An examination of the multitude of precedents, involving as they do a wide variety of cases, will reveal a liberal interpretation and a generous application of the so-called definition of “baggage”: Kansas City S. R. Co. v. Skinner, 88 Ark. 189 (113 S. W. 1019, 21 L. R. A. (N. S.) 850). In Doyle v. Kiser, 6 Ind. 242, 247, it was said, baggage may include “Clothing, traveling expense money, a few hooks for the amusement of reading, a watch, a lady’s jewelry for dressing, etc.” It has been held that money in a trunk is not baggage; hut the weight of authority is that the term “baggage” includes money reasonably necessary and intended for traveling expenses: 10 C. J. 1190. The term “baggage” has been held to include a reasonable quantity of a watchmaker’s tools (Wells v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 59 Or. 165 [114 Pac. 92, 116 Pac. 1070, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 818, 825]); a dress pattern containing twelve yards of cloth, valued at $8.85, purchased en route to take home to a member of the family (Kansas City S. R. Co. v. Skinner, 88 Ark. 189 [113 S. W. 1019, 21 L. R. A. (N. S.) 850]); a manuscript manual on Greek grammar prepared by a teacher with a view to ultimate publication, hut carried about by him to aid in his work of teaching (Wood v. Cunard Steamship Co., 192 Fed. 293 [112 C. C. A. 551, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 371]); a woman’s fancy work and miscellaneous ornaments, a saving’s hank and contents, and a zither key (Railroad Co. v. — 630 — Baldwin, 113 Term. 205 [81 S. W. 599]); one dozen photographs carried by a passenger returning home (San Antonio & A. P. Ry. Co. v. Green [Tex. Civ. App., 170 S. W. 110]); a tent in which the owner lived and the blankets in which he slept in pursuance of his business of traveling with fairs, circuses and picnics to operate a shooting-gallery (Strome v. Lusk [Mo. App., 180 S. W. 27]); a sportsman’s gun-case and fishing apparatus (Hawkins v. Hoffman, 6 Hill [N. Y.], 586 [41 Am. Dec. 767]); an artist’s easel (Merrill v. Grinnel, 30 N. Y. 594); a barber’s razors (Grywacz v. New York Cent. & H. R. R. Co., 74 Misc. Rep. 343 [134 N. Y. Supp. 209]); a surgeon’s instruments (Hannibal R. R. Co. v. Swift, 79 U. S. 262 [20 L. Ed. 423, see, also, Rose’s U. S. Notes]); trunks, bedding, dishes and cutlery carried by passengers contemplating a short sojourn at their destination where they for the time being will keep house, and dishes and cutlery carried by passengers making a permanent change of abode (House v. Chicago etc. R. Co., 30 S. D. 321 [138 N. W. 809, Ann. Cas. 1915C, 1045]); opera-glasses and compass (Cooney v. Pullman Palace-Car Co., 121 Ala. 368 [25 South. 712, 53 L. R. A. 690]); jewels and other articles of personal adornment (Pullman Co. v. Green, 128 Ga. 142 [57 S. E. 233, 119 Am. St. Rep. 368, 10 Ann. Cas. 893]; Hasbrouck v. New York C. & H. R. R. Co 202 N. Y. 363 [95 N. E. 808, Ann. Cas. 1912D, 1150, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.) 537]; Battle v. Columbia, Newberry & Laurens R. R., 70 S. C. 329 [49 S. E. 849]); opera-glass (Toledo, Wabash é Western R. R. Co. v. Hammond, 33 Ind. 379 [5 Am. Rep. 221]); a watch (American Contract Co. v. Cross, 8 Bush [Ky.], 472, [8 Am. Rep. 471]; Jones v. Voorhees, 10 Ohio, 145); a woman’s jewelry, and every article pertaining to her — 631 — wardrobe that may be necessary or convenient to her in traveling (Pullman Co. v. Vanderhoeven, 48 Tex. Civ. App. 414 [107 S. W. 147]). 7. The question as to whether a given article of property, both gs to quantity and as to value, subject, of course, to the power of the court to correct any abuse, is necessarily one of mixed law and fact to be determined by the trier or triers of the facts under proper instructions, for each case is largely dependent upon the accompanying circumstances: Oakes v. Northern Pac. R. R. Co., 20 Or. 392, 397 (26 Pac. 230, 23 Am. St. Rep. 126,12 L. R. A. 318); Sherman v. Pullman Co., 79 Misc. Rep. 52 (139 N. Y. Supp. 51); Galveston, H. & S. A. Ry. Co. v. Fales, 33 Tex. Civ. App. 457 (77 S. W. 234); Hubbard v. Mobile & Ohio Ry. Co., 112 Mo. App. 459 (87 S. W. 52); Doerner. v. St. Louis & S. F. R. R. Co., 149 Mo. App. 170 (130 S. W. 62). 8. We conclude that, in view of all the attending circumstances and the nature, quantity and values of the articles in controversy, we cannot say as a matter of law that any of the articles were not baggage, and that therefore the findings and judgment of the trial court must be affirmed. Affirmed. McBride, C. J., and Benson and Johns, JJ., concur.