United States v. Juan Olan-Navarro

350 F.3d 551 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Juan OLAN-NAVARRO, Defendant-Appellant. No. 01-5309. United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit. Argued: September 17, 2003. Decided and Filed: November 21, 2003. Petition for Rehearing Denied En Banc: March 10, 2004. Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206 ARGUED: Chad A. Readler (argued and briefed), Jones Day, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Joseph C. Wyderko (argued and briefed), United States Department of Justice, Criminal Division, Appellate Section, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Chad A. Readler, Jones Day, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Joseph C. Wyderko, United States Department of Justice, Criminal Division, Appellate Section, Washington, D.C., Tracy L. Berry, Assistant United States Attorney (briefed), U.S. Attorney's Office, Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellee. Before: SUHRHEINRICH, COLE and ROGERS, Circuit Judges. ROGERS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which SUHRHEINRICH, J., joined. COLE, J. (p. 555), delivered a separate concurring opinion. OPINION ROGERS, Circuit Judge. — 1 — On November 27, 2000, Juan Olan-Navarro pleaded guilty to illegally reentering the United States after having been deported in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326. The district court sentenced Olan-Navarro to incarceration for fifty-seven months and two years of supervised release, and imposed a special assessment of $100. The Assistant Federal Public Defender who had been appointed to represent Olan-Navarro in the district court filed a timely notice of appeal and subsequently, in accordance with Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1967), filed a motion to withdraw and a brief explaining his conclusion that there were no non-frivolous issues that Olan-Navarro could assert on appeal. This court ordered that Olan-Navarro be appointed new counsel and directed counsel to brief the question "Should a criminal defendant be represented on appeal by the same counsel who represented the defendant at his guilty plea hearing or trial when that counsel proposes to file an Anders brief on behalf of the defendant?" Newly appointed counsel for Olan-Navarro has also briefed two other issues: (1) "Does trial counsel's service of an Anders brief on the Government undermine the adversarial system or violate the criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment rights?"; and (2) "Does Olan-Navarro's fifty-seven month sentence violate the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment?" We affirm without reaching the question of whether to impose new requirements on the court's Anders procedures. — 2 — Olan-Navarro advances two arguments in support of his contention that the court should appoint new appellate counsel whenever court-appointed trial counsel files or proposes to file an Anders brief. First, Olan-Navarro contends that the appointment of new counsel in such circumstances is necessary to ensure that criminal defendants receive a constitutionally-acceptable level of advocacy and representation under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution. Second, Olan-Navarro contends that, because of its practical benefits, the court should establish such a rule pursuant to its supervisory powers. — 3 — The court finds it unnecessary to reach the question of whether the court is constitutionally required to appoint new counsel where a criminal defendant's trial counsel files or proposes to file an Anders brief, as Olan-Navarro has, in fact, been appointed new appellate counsel, rendering the question moot. See, e.g. McPherson v. Mich. High Sch. Athletic Ass'n, Inc., 119 F.3d 453, 458 (6th Cir.1997) (en banc) ("The test for mootness is whether the relief sought would, if granted, make a difference to the legal interests of the parties...." (quoting Crane v. Ind. Athletic Ass'n, 975 F.2d 1315, 1318 (7th Cir.1992))). Newly appointed counsel in the case argues that it would be wise to require the appointment of new appellate counsel whenever trial counsel proposes to file an Anders brief. If so, such a rule should be proposed pursuant to our court rulemaking procedures, where considerations pro and con can best be heard and weighed, rather than in an appeal in which new counsel has already been appointed. — 4 — Similarly, the court declines to consider whether trial counsel's service of an Anders brief on the government violates a defendant's Sixth Amendment rights, as that question is also moot in the instant case. Even assuming that such service does violate a defendant's Sixth Amendment rights, Olan-Navarro has already received the relief he requested to redress the alleged violation — new counsel.1 — 5 — Finally, there is no merit to Olan-Navarro's substantive claim that his fifty-seven month sentence is so disproportionate and excessive that it violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.2 "The Eighth Amendment, which forbids cruel and unusual punishments, contains a `narrow proportionality principle' that `applies to noncapital sentences.'" Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11, 123 S.Ct. 1179, 1185, 155 L.Ed.2d 108 (2003) (plurality opinion) (quoting Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 996-997, 111 S.Ct. 2680, 115 L.Ed.2d 836 (1991) (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment)). The Eighth Amendment, however, does not mandate strict proportionality between crime and sentence; instead, at most, only sentences that are "grossly disproportionate" to the crime are prohibited. Harmelin, 501 U.S. at 1001, 111 S.Ct. 2680. — 6 — Olan-Navarro was indicted on one count of violating 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b) for reentering the United States after being deported subsequent to the commission of an aggravated felony,3 and pleaded guilty. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1326, Olan-Navarro faced a maximum term of twenty years of imprisonment. 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2). Under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, however, the guideline imprisonment range was fifty-seven to seventy-one months.4 The district court sentenced Olan-Navarro to fifty-seven months, the minimum guideline sentence, as well as two years of supervised release, with the special condition that Olan-Navarro be immediately deported at the termination of his sentence. We simply cannot say that a sentence of fifty-seven months is grossly disproportionate to the crime of re-entering the United States after being deported subsequent to the commission of an aggravated felony. — 7 — The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. — 8 — R. GUY COLE, JR., Circuit Judge, concurring. — 9 — I respectfully concur in the majority opinion; however, I write separately to address the majority's conclusion that the merits of rules governing the filing of an Anders brief are better left to this court's rulemaking process. — 10 — Because, as the majority acknowledges, the Sixth Amendment issues surrounding the trial counsel's filing of an Anders brief are moot, the merits of those claims are beyond the jurisdiction of this Article III court. Any further comment pertaining to the constitutionality of current procedures governing the filing of an Anders brief is, therefore, nonbinding dictum. Cf. Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 282, 121 S.Ct. 1511, 149 L.Ed.2d 517 (2001) ("[T]his Court is bound by holdings, not language.") — 11 — While I generally agree that new rules should be proposed and adopted in accordance with our established procedures, which include input from the legal bar, there are instances where it would be appropriate for this Court to adopt a new rule outside our established procedures. I would not foreclose the opportunity for a party to propose a new rule in the context of an appeal nor would I limit the ability of this Court to announce a new rule, if the circumstances so warranted. Footnotes [1] Notes: [1] We note, however, that two circuits expressly require such service. Third Cir. Local App. R. 109.2(a) and Eleventh Cir. R. 27-1(a)(8). While the rules of the D.C. Circuit may preclude such service,Suggs v. United States, 391 F.2d 971, 974-75 & n. 5 (D.C.Cir.1968), counsel points to no authority holding that such service is constitutionally precluded. [2] This Court generally reviews a constitutional challenge to a criminal defendant's sentencede novo. United States v. Tarwater, 308 F.3d 494, 517 (6th Cir.2002). The government contends that Olan-Navarro failed to raise an Eighth Amendment challenge to his sentence in the district court, and, therefore, his should be reviewed under the "plain error" standard. See, e.g., Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 466-67, 117 S.Ct. 1544, 137 L.Ed.2d 718 (1997) (observing that appellate courts can correct errors not raised at trial if error is plain and affects substantial rights). Olan-Navarro concedes that his counsel did not make an explicit Eighth Amendment challenge, but argues that the arguments made to the district court were sufficient to preserve the error. It unnecessary to resolve the question of whether Olan-Navarro in fact raised an Eighth Amendment claim at the time of sentencing, as his claim fails even if he did. [3] Olan-Navarro had twice before been deported after entering the United States without authorization. Prior to the first deportation, he was twice convicted of burglary of a habitation in Texas [4] Olan-Navarro's total offense level was twenty-one, calculated from a base offense level of eight, with a three-point reduction for acceptance of responsibility and a sixteen-level increase for being deported after a conviction for an aggravated felony. His criminal history placed him in category IV