Porter v. East Jordan Realty Co.

Fellows, J. (after stating the facts). We shall first consider whether what was said and done by the parties on January 28th amounted to a demand of payment. We have not quoted all the testimony on the subject; it is to the effect that the cashier, Mr. Suffern, called the attention of Mr. Mack to the fact that the note was due that-day. This was what was usually done by him in demanding payment. Mr. Mack understood full well, we think, that payment of the note was demanded. He explained to Mr. Suffern that the company did not have funds to pay the. note but could pay the interest. The question is not without authority. In the leading case of Gregg v. George, 16 Kan. 546, the instrument involved was a check. The indorsee had taken it together with some money to the bank to buy St. Louis exchange. He was told .that they were not selling exchange. He asked to have the check passed to his credit which was refused. He did not demand the cash and testified that he did not want money. The opinion in the case was written by Justice Brewer, then a member of that court. We quote from what was there said by him, speaking for the unanimous court: “Waiving all question as to the matter of exchange on St. Louis, it appears that he asked the bank to credit the check to his account, and it refused. This was a dishonor of the check. It was unnecessary after that to go through the form of specifically demanding its payment in cash over the counter. Demand and refusal may be necessary; but no particular form or expression is essential to either. It is sufficient if it clearly appears that the bank, after a demand, refuses to accept the check as of the value its face indicates.” In the case of Gilbert v. Dennis, 3 Metc. (Mass.) 495, the maker of the note called on the holder on the — 402 — day it was due and told him he was unable to pay it, should not pay it, and" desired the holders to give notice to the indorser. It was held that this was a sufficient demand. Chief Justice Shaw, speaking for the court, said: “A note is payable at any reasonable time on demand, on the last day of grace, and if not then paid, it is dishonored, and notice may be immediately given to the indorser. Staples v. Franklin Bank, 1 Metc. 43. Shed v. Brett, 1 Pick. 401. It appears by the report, in the present case, that on the last day of grace, the promisor went to the store of the holder, where the note was, and stated that he was unable to pay, and should not pay the note, and wished the plaintiff to notify the indorser. The court are of opinion that this was a sufficient demand and refusal to constitute a dishonor of the note. There are many cases in which it is. held that it is not necessary to produce and exhibit the note. As where a note is in terms, or by the tacit or express consent of the parties, payable at a bank, it is sufficient that the note is there ready to be given up on payment, should the promisor come to pay it. State Bank v. Hurd, 12 Mass. 172; Whitwell v. Johnson, 17 Mass. 449; Saunderson v. Judge, 2 H. Bl. 509. If the promisor does not go to the bank and pay the note, it is dishonored, and it would be but an idle ceremony to take the note from the files and make a demand, when there is no one on whom to make it. And should the promisor come and declare his inability to pay, his intention not to pay, and leave without payment, it is surely not less a dishonor, than if he had stayed away. The default of the promisor, in such cases, is his not paying the note at the bank; and the default of the promisor, in whatever it consists, constitutes the dishonor, of the note, upon, which the indorsee, if duly notified, may be legally charged. Even under the law of tender, which is extremely strict, it is held that when the party, to whom a tender is to be made, declares that he will not accept it, an actual production and offer of the "money, or any other thing to be tendered, is unnecessary. In the present case, the plaintiff held the note, the promisor knew it, knew it was due, and in — 403 — stead of waiting for the holder to come to him, he went to the holder, declared by his conduct that he knew the note was due and payable, and that the holder had the note ready to be given up, and expected and had a right to expect payment of him as promisor; and in anticipation of a presentment and express demand, declared that he could not pay the note, and departed without paying it. It does not appear that the holder did not request him to make payment; and the circumstances are such as to warrant the inference that he did. The declaration of the promisor, that he could not pay, implies that he considered the holder as looking to him for payment, which is all that was necessary, and that he anticipated a more formal offer of the note and demand of payment, by a declaration which rendered it unnecessary.” And the same court in Whitwell v. Johnson, 17 Mass. 449, said: “Certainly an indorser is not bound to pay,, without evidence of a legal demand upon the maker; but when such demand has been made, his liability occurs. Now, if the indorser has seasonable notice of the fact of non-payment, when the note is due, it must be immaterial to him in what form the demand upon the maker was made. If there had been no demand, he would not be liable; because it does not appear but that the note would have been paid, if demanded; and it is within the terms of the stipulation that such demand shall be made. But if there has been such a demand as the maker was bound by, so that he had no right to refuse payment, it is not easy to see how it concerns the indorser, whether the legal forms had been complied with, or waived by the promisor.” See, also, In re Swift, 106 Fed. 65; Minturn v. Fisher, 7 Cal. 573; Tucker Manfg. Co. v. Fairbanks, 98 Mass. 101; 8 C. J. p. 557; 3 R. C. L. p. 1171. We reach the conclusion from an examination of the authorities that the evidence was sufficient to justify a finding that there had been a demand. Mr. Suffem and Mr. Mack met on the day the note was due at Mr. Mack’s store, which was the office of the — 404 — realty company, on business of the realty company. When Mr. Suffern said to Mr. Mack that the note was due that day, Mr. Mack clearly understood this was a demand for payment; he so treated it and explained that payment of the note could not then be made, due.to lack of funds. .Both parties considered and treated it as a demand and the fact that it was couched in courteous language does not deprive it of its legal effect, or of the effect given it by both parties. At the time payment was demanded the note was at the bank two doors away and was not produced and exhibited to Mr. Mack. He did not request its production, and placed his. refusal of payment solely on the ground of inability of the company to pay. The trial judge was of the opinion that under section 76 of the negotiable instruments act (2 Comp. Laws 1915, § 6115) it was imperatively necessary that the note be physically present and exhibited to the maker in order to charge the indorser. This, section provides: “The instrument must be exhibited to the person from whom payment is demanded, and when it is paid must be delivered up to the party paying it.” But the adoption of this section of the negotiable instruments act, the making of this provision statute law, wrote no new law into the law of negotiable instruments of this State. This was the. well recognized law long before the negotiable instruments law was adopted. Professor Bunker in his work on Negotiable Instruments, p. 5, well said: “These facts are a guaranty that we have in the negotiable instruments law the legislative expression of the law theretofore determined by the courts, through a long series of years and in a multitude of decisions, barring, of course, those conflicting decisions and diverse statutes which had led to embarrassment and confusion in the administration of the law of commercial paper. It may be said, probably — 405 — without serious question, that in the enactment of this statute no essential feature of the law of negotiable instruments as theretofore determined has been eliminated.” Our inquiry with reference to this provision is as to whether it is for the benefit of the maker or the indorser, whether it is personal to the maker and may be waived by him, and upon this question the holdings of the courts before this provision was made statute law are as important as those which have been handed down since. In King v. Crowell, 61 Me. 244, it was said by the court: “It is true that the rule requiring the person making the demand to exhibit the evidence of debt is well settled, and well grounded in reason; and, although applicable to all written contracts on which a demand is necessary, it is, as has been well said, especially applicable to negotiable securities, which may be legally transferred to another at the very time the original payee makes the demand. But the reasons applicable to cases in which the maker offers to pay cannot apply to cases in which he not only does not offer, but absolutely refuses, to pay, and does not even express any desire to see the note. “The idle ceremony of producing the note when the maker unqualifiedly refuses to pay is well illustrated by Chief Justice Shaw in Gilbert v. Dermis, 3 Mete. (Mass.) 497, where he says: “ ‘Even under the law oí tender, which is extremely strict, it is held that when the party, to whom a tender is to he made, declares that he will not accept it, an actual production and offer of the money, is unnecessary.’ ” In Lockwood, v. Crawford, 18 Conn. 361, the question was before the court and it was said: “But it is still claimed, that no sufficient presentment or demand of payment of the makers of the note was ever made; and that B. W. Lockwood’s deposition does not conduce to prove any. We think otherwise. It is true, that it does not directly appear — 406 — that the deponent, who was the payee, presented the note in form and demanded payment; but as he had. not at that time transferred it, the maker might well presume it continued in his possession, ready to be delivered up upon payment. When called upon for the balance, they did not inquire for it, nor refuse to' pay, because the note was not shown to them; on the contrary, they said that they could not conveniently pay any more then, and requested the payee to draw upon them at a future time; thereby waiving, as they had right to do, a more formal demand. “We are satisfied, therefore, that the demand of payment was legal; and that, at the time mentioned by B. W. Lockwood, the note in question, by reason of the neglect and refusal of the makers to pay it, then became dishonored.” In Union Bank of Louisiana v. Lea, 7 Rob. (La.) 75, demand was made for payment and refused because there were no funds in. the bank for the purpose. The court, speaking through Justice Martin, said: “When the notary of a bank receives a note to be protested, he goes to the drawer and demands payment; if he is answered that it will not be paid, he does not take it out of his pocket-book or out of the bundle which contains it, to present it, for that would be a vain ceremony. Lex neminem eogit ad vana. The cashier having said that there were no funds to pay the note, no presentation was necessary.” And in the recent case of Hodges v. Blaylock, 82 Ore. 179 (161 Pac. 396), it was said: “If, therefore, the note should have been presented in order to constitute a valid demand for its payment, and if the plaintiff’s testimony is to be believed, which, was for the jury to determine, the defendant S. E. Blaylock waived an exhibition of the negotiable instrument by not asking for it, and by refusing payment on the ground that he did not then have the money, and that he needed that sum with which to support his family.” ■ — 407 — The supreme court of Virginia in Waring v. Betts, 90 Va. 46 (17 S. E. 739), said: “Presentment of the bill or note and demand of payment should be made by an actual exhibition of the instrument itself; or at least the demand of payment should be accompanied by some 'clear indication that the instrument is at hand ready to be delivered, and such must really be the case. This is requisite in order that the drawer or acceptor may be able to judge (1) of the genuineness of the instrument; (2) of the right of the holder to receive payment; and (3) that he may immediately reclaim possession of, upon paying the amount. If, on demand of payment, the exhibition of the instrument is not asked for, and the party of whom demand is made decline on. other grounds, a formal1 presentment by actual exhibition of the paper is considered as waived.” Ruling Case Law (3 R. C. L. p. 1204) thus states the rule: “It certainly is essential to a proper presentment that the person making demand for payment have the instrument in his possession at the time and place of demand. The negotiable instruments law provides that ‘the instrument must be exhibited to the person from whom payment is demanded, and when it is paid must be delivered up to the party paying it/ It may not be necessary actually to produce the instrument, if the person having it in possession demands payment and is answered by the maker or acceptor that it will not be paid. The notary or other person need not take the instrument out of his pocket-book or portfolio and make exhibition of it, for this would be an idle ceremony if the maker or acceptor assures him in advance that payment will not be made. The production of the instrument is for the benefit of the obligor, in order that he may determine its genuineness and take it in possession, and there seems to be no sound reason why he may not waive his rights in this respect.” Corpus Juris (8 C. J. p. 560) states the rule in this language: . — 408 — “The negotiable instruments law expressly provides that the instrument must be exhibited to the person from whom payment is. demanded, and, when it is paid, must be delivered up to the party paying it. But this right to have the paper produced may be waived by failure to request its production, the same as under the law merchant.” See, also, Gallagher v. Roberts, 11 Me. 489; Maine Bank v. Smith, 18 Me. 99; Freudenberg v. Lucas, 38 Cal. App. 95 (175 Pac. 482); Legg v. Vinal, 165 Mass. 555 (43 N. E. 518); Selover on Negotiable Instruments (2d Ed.), p. 263. We do not think the cases cited by defendant’s counsel militate against the rule announced in the authorities considered and cited by us. Gilpin v. Savage, 201 N. Y. 167 (94 N. E. 656, Ann. Cas. 1912A, 861), involved a demand made by telephone. The case will be found reported in 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 417, where the editor points out that it is the only case disclosed where that question was involved. Bayless v. Harris, 124 Mo. App. 234 (101 S. W. 617), involved a demand by mail, while in Eastman v. Potter, 4 Vt. 313, the maker had asked the holder of the note to produce it. The other cases cited are equally distinguishable. The rule of the law merchant now made statute law by the negotiable instruments act is for the benefit of the maker — that he may examine the instrument to determine its genuineness, the right of the holder to payment, and upon payment may take it up and destroy it or keep it in his possession. It is a provision personal to him and may be waived by him' and is waived where he makes no request for its production and his refusal to pay is solely based on other grounds, i. e., lack of funds. The law does not require the doing of idle things, and such requirements as are for the sole benefit of the maker of the note may be waived by him. There is some discussion in defendant’s brief of the — 409 — question of the sufficiency of the declaration; but this question was not raised in the court below and cannot be considered here. We do not, of course, pass upon the credibility of the testimony. As we have stated, there is a conflict in it, but as the case was disposed of as matter of law in the court below, it became our duty to treat it in the most favorable light to plaintiff. The judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted. Plaintiff will recover costs of this, court. Moore, C. J., and Steere, Brooke, Stone, Clark, Bird, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred.