Morrison v. City of Eau Claire

Dodge, J. The first question in natural sequence is whether the circuit court had any jurisdiction over plaintiff's demand, it not having been filed with the city clerk nor brought into court by appeal. It would seem that this question has been answered beyond further debate by a line of cases in this court reaching from Koch v. Ashland, 88 Wis. 361, 53 N. W. 674, up to one of its very latest utterances. Those cases are Mason v. Ashland, 98 Wis. 540, 74 N. W. 357; Telford v. Ashland, 100 Wis. 238, 75 N. W. 1006; Seegar v. Ashland, 101 Wis. 515, 77 N. W. 880; Morgan v. Rhinelander, 105 Wis. 138, 81 N. W. 132; Oshkosh W. W. Co. v. Oshkosh, 106 Wis. 83, 81 N. W. 1040; Miller v. Grawford Co. 106 Wis. 210, 82 N. W. 175; Oshkosh W. W. Co. v. Oshkosh, 109 Wis. 208, 85 N. W. 376; O’Donnell v. New London, 113 Wis. 292, 89 N. W. 511. In all those cases it is held that charters similar in general effect to that before us, including the general city charter, make procedure by presentation to the council and appeal therefrom to the circuit court, by steps in such-statutes prescribed, essentials of jurisdiction over the subject matter of any claim of the character required to be presented. The remark in Davis v. Appleton, 109 Wis. 580, 85 N. W. 515, that a charter provision, differing in some respects at least from that now before us, was to be deemed only a statute of limitation, was made, not with reference to a claim required to be presented before the council, but in an action for an injunction against the erection of an unlawful structure by the city upon plaintiffs lands. If the language of that case might be construed as applicable to attempted suits upon claims against the city based on liability created by statute, it was purely obiter, and cannot overcome the direct authorities above cited. Under these decisions there can be no doubt that the demurrer, being founded, as one of its grounds, upon the want of jurisdiction, was properly sustained, if the legislation embodied in ch. 184, Laws of 1889, known as the “Eau Glaire charter,” be — 542 — valid, — a question which may be considered later. This view is in no wise inconsistent with the further holding by this court that in actions against cities not founded upon any common-law right, but upon rights created and existing only by statute, such steps by way of presentation of claim and appeal from disallowance are essential elements and 'conditions of the existence of the cause of action as well, so that they, or many of them, are raised by a demurrer asserting' merely insufficiency of facts. They may be both conditions of the court’s jurisdiction and of the existence of any right of action in the plaintiff. 2. The next question in logical sequence is whether the complaint states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. Were we to take the appellant at his word, and assume, as he asserts, that the complaint does not state any cause of action created by sec. 1339, Stats. 1898, for an insufficiency or want of repair in any street, a negative answer to this inquiry would be readily reached. Certainly no other cause of action is stated. Appellant’s contention is that he has attempted to bring suit for damages resulting from the maintenance of a nuisance by the city,. because his injury results from the presence of an unlawful extraneous substance in the street not any part of it, namely, a pile of mortar and bricks or other debris, but he does not charge the city with any responsibility, either by act or consent, for such substance being placed there originally. He contents himself with asserting its presence, and the city’s failure to remove it from the street. This is no more than an omission of the city’s statutory duty to keep the highway within its limits reasonably safe for travel thereon, obviously a governmental function performed on behalf of the state at large, from which the municipality derives no pecuniary benefit. From such omission, but for express statute, arises no right of action in favor of one toward whom this mere governmental duty is owed, ■such as a traveler. Stilling v. Thorp, 54 Wis. 528, 532, 11 — 543 — N. W. 906; McLimans v. Lancaster, 63 Wis. 596, 600, 23 N. W. 689; Reed v. Madison, 83 Wis, 171, 177, 53 N. W. 541; Daniels v. Racine, 98 Wis. 649, 14 N. W. 553; Folk v. Milwaukee, 108 Wis. 359, 84 N. W. 420. Counsel, with not very wise expenditure of industry, bas collected numerous decisions by other courts, notably of tbe United States, tending to a different view. These can hardly have weight, however, against the fully established rule in this state as to the eharacter and liabilities of municipal corporations created by the legislature of Wisconsin under our own constitution. Such alien decisions distinguishing cities and villages from towns and counties with reference to their common-law liability to suit for neglect of duty to maintain safe highways have long since been ijully weighed by this court, and have been repudiated in favor of the contrary view maintained in Massachusetts, whence we in so large measure took our highway laws. Daniels v. Racine, supra. ' Upon the text that a pile of rubbish in a street is an obstruction and therefore a nuisance for which liability rests on the city at common law, appellant cites, with much verbosity -of quotation, an array of decisions which, on examination, prove to be without relevancy. Thus, in Hughes v. Fond du Lac, 73 Wis. 380, 41 N. W. 407, a roller left in the street by the city was held a nuisance for which liability existed. That case,' with Little v. Madison, 42 Wis. 643, where was express license to place wild-animal exhibit in street, are illustrations of city’s liability to the traveler for creating nuisances in the street, not as a part thereof, nor in process -of performing, though improperly, its duty of making or maintaining the street. They present instances' of the doing ■of unlawful acts, and are distinguished from improper or negligent doing of the lawful act of constructing the highway, by such cases as Kollock v. Madison, 84 Wis. 458, 464, 54 N. W. 725; Hein v. Fairchild, 87 Wis. 258, 58 N. W. 413; and Ziegler v. West Bend, 102 Wis. 17, 78 N. W. 164, — 544 — —in all of wbicb the city’s liability rested wholly on the statute (see. 1339, Stats. 1898), although the defect consisted in one case of a rope stretched across, in another of a dangerous excavation, and in the third of an improperly or negligently constructed manhole cover, all put in place by the city, but in the course of street work. The principle of the roller and bear-show cases is still better illustrated by Neuert v. Boston, 120 Mass. 338, where the city, in performing its governmental duty of operating a fire department, had safely maintained a telegraph wire across the street, supported on one side by a building' belonging to' the city. In removing* this building, the city, acting as owner, loosened the wire and lowered it, so as -to endanger and injure a traveler. The municipality was held liable because in creating this perilous condition it was not exercising its governmental function, either in maintaining streets or operating fire department. All such cases are obviously irrelevant, however, to that at bar, in that there the city affirmatively created the nuisance, while here nothing of the sort is charged. Another class of cases urged is illustrated by Winchell v. Waukesha, 110 Wis. 101, 85 N. W. 668, and O’Donnell v. New London, 113 Wis. 292, 89 N. W. 511; in the latter of which liability of the city to an adjoining property owner from such construction of a highway as to obstruct a water course was assumed, and in the former the city was declared liable to the same remedies as an individual for polluting a stream with sewage, to damage of lower riparian owner. These cases mark a distinction noted in Folk v. Milwaukee, 108 Wis. 359, 84 N. W. 420, namely, that, while a municipality is not to be held liable for damages resulting from mere performance of governmental functions, such exemjDtion applies only against those toward whom the act is governmental, not against those toward whom the city’s attitude and relation is that of a proprietor. Obviously, while a municipality is performing a function of general state government — 545 — in making highways, erecting and maintaining schoolhouses, and constructing sewer systems and the like, it also becomes an owner of property in so doing, and it is bound to' govern its management of such property by substantially the same rules as other proprietors similarly situated. The adjoining landowner has the same rights to lateral support for his soil, to the uninterrupted flow of any watercourse, as if his neighbor were a private individual, and in respect to such rights a city’s attitude is that of a proprietor, and not merely governmental. Toward such persons the city does an unlawful act when it dams a watercourse by a highway, constructs a sewer so as to empty onto them, or excavates away their lateral support. It does not merely do a lawful thing in an improper or negligent manner, as distinguished in Ziegler v. West Bend, 102 Wis. 17, 78 N. W. 164. In the case at bar, of course, the relation of the defendant to plaintiff was purely governmental. He was a traveler using the highway facilities which the city, as a branch of the state government, was required to provide. Another copious collection of cases are cited to sustain the proposition that the city is liable for an injury resulting from the presence of extraneous matter in the street, constituting what appellant is pleased to declare an obstruction, and not 'a mere insufficiency or want of repair. Such cases cited, and similar ones which might have been, are Barstow v. Berlin, 34 Wis. 357; Prideaux v. Mineral Point, 43 Wis. 513; Raymond v. Sheboygan, 70 Wis. 318, 35 N. W. 540; Kollock v. Madison, 84 Wis. 458, 464, 54 N. W. 725; Cairncross v. Pewaukee, 86 Wis. 181, 56 N. W. 648; Hein v. Fairchild, 87 Wis. 258, 58 N. W. 413; Ziegler v. West Bend, 102 Wis. 17, 78 N. W. 164. That these cases declare the liability of a municipality for injuries- resulting from such “obstructions” is unquestionable, but not that such liability rests on it by common law. Examination of all of them will — 546 — leave no room for doubt that wbat they in fact decide, albeit not always expressly, is that in sec. 1339 the words, “insufficiency or want of repair,” are not used in so. restrictive a sense as to include only inadequacy of original construction and subsequent deterioration, but also include such obstacles and defects as render the use of the highway dangerous to one exercising ordinary care, provided, of course, the municipality has notice of defect and opportunity to remove the same, and, as a result of such construction, that liability is imposed by that statute. Thus we are brought to consider whether a cause of action is stated under the statutes of this state. No serious question is raised but that the complaint alleges conduct of the city out of which a cause of action might develop. The allowance of a dangerous condition of its street, after notice, and plaintiff’s injury by reason thereof, sufficiently appear to arouse defendant’s liability under sec. 1339, and the notice of such injury required by that section was duly given. The complaint, however, fails to allege either that plaintiff has complied with sec. 22, subch. VII, of the Eau Claire charter, by filing any claim with the city clerk and taking appeal in statutory manner from disallowance, and it of course further fails to show compliance with -the requirement of sec. 26, subch. VII, that such claim be filed within ninety days after the injury. That such steps constitute conditions imposed by the legislature upon the right to damages which it grants, and upon the municipal liability which it creates, is now too well settled as the law of this state to- leave room for further debate. Watson v. Appleton, 62 Wis. 267, 22 N. W. 475; Koch v. Ashland, 83 Wis. 361, 53 N. W. 674; Daniels v. Racine, 98 Wis. 649, 74 N. W. 553; Schaefer v. Fond du Lac, 99 Wis. 333, 340, 74 N. W. 810; Ziegler v. West Bend, 102 Wis. 17, 78 N. W. 164; Harris v. Fond du Lac, 104 Wis. 44, 80 N. W. 66. Under such weight of authority it cannot be doubted that there is failure of facts- sufficient to constitute — 547 — cause of action, because the claim has not been filed with the city clerk at all, as required by .said sec. 22, and it is immaterial whether the further requirement of sec. 26, that it be filed within ninety days after the injury, is valid or not,— a question discussed at much length by appellant. Appellant, however, attacks en masse and in detail the constitutional validity of the whole charter scheme of excluding a claimant against Eau Claire from original suit by ordinary procedure in the courts of the state, and requiring him to reach such forum through the medium of presentation to city council and appeal from their decision, hampered by various restrictions, including unlimited bond for costs. A discussion of such questions in the present case would, however, be purely academic and inconclusive. If it were to be conceded that the constitution, either state or federal, restricted the •legislative discretion over remedies for rights which exist independently of statute, no such limitation rests upon the discretion to impose terms and conditions upon rights or privileges existing only by virtue of legislative grant. As the legislature might withhold entirely both the right to damages and the right of action in court therefor it may surely withhold it in part by imposing conditions. Counsel for appellant seems to contend that sec. 1, subch. I, of the Eau Claire charter, which merely creates that community into’ a municipal corporation with the general powers thereof, including that of suing and being sued in any court, must so dominate sec. 22, subch. VII, declaring that upon certain classes of claims and demands it shall be sued only •on specified conditions and in a specified manner, that the latter can have no effect at all. This contention substantially reverses all rules of construction. It convicts the legislature •of enacting all the elaborate detail of secs. 22 — 26, subch. VII, for no purpose and with no intent that they should be of any force; it gives to the general preponderance over special provisions, and it subordinates the later declarations — 548 — to the earlier. We cannot adopt this view. Secs. 22-26, subcb. VII, were enacted for some purpose, and must be given effect, according to their words, within the special field of claims to which they apply, to control and limit sec. 1, subch. I. Further objection is urged against these charter provisions that they provide no scheme of practice by which issue can be joined and trial of merits had. This may be unfortunate for the claimant if true, but its result is not to render invalid the legislative denial of right to' sue in any other form. Counsel’s apprehensions may be soothed, however, by the consideration that large numbers of such cases, under generally similar charter provisions, have reached issue, trial, judgment, and payment, and, if a legislative purpose is apparent to give claimants a right to such results, our courts may be trusted to' find means thereto. Again, it is contended that ch. 471, Laws of 1889, permitting joinder of cities with others primarily liable for highway injuries, is in some features repugnant to these charter provisions, and therefore repeals them entii'ely. If irreconcilable repugnancy exists, it may become the duty of the courts to decide which of these statutes controls, when a case arises presenting them in conflict. That can hardly be, however, until in some case of attempted joinder, of which we have nothing before us at present. We certainly discover no necessary purpose in ch. 471 to repeal the charter provisions in boto, and, in absence of that clear intention, repeal by implication can be indulged only so far as unavoidable. It is clear that ch. 471, providing for cases of joinder where others are liable, does not necessarily destroy the charter provisions in their application to' a case like this, where no other liability is asserted and no joinder is attempted. We find nothing else in the voluminous brief of appellant requiring discussion, or which tends to defeat the conclusions already reached, that the failure to file plaintifPs claim for — 549 — consideration by the city council, and to come into court by tbe process of appeal, are fatal alike to the jurisdiction of the court over the subject matter of his demand and to the existence of any cause of action in his favor against the defendant. Such conclusions being- finally fatal to the complaint upon the demurrer, it follows that the order sustaining the demurrer was correct. By the Court. — Order appealed from is affirmed.