Halsey v. Waukesha Springs Sanitarium Co.

Dodge, J. 1. When complete performance of an entire contract to do work upon another’s building is prevented by the total destruction of that building, such completion is excused, and the contractor may recover pay at the contract, price for the portion of the work done. Cook v. McCabe, 53 Wis. 250, 10 N. W. 507; Vogt v. Hecker, 118 Wis. 306, 309, 95 N. W. 90. The present case falls clearly within this rule, for plaintiff was only to do work upon a building to be supplied by the owner or its employees. 2. The efficacy of an agreement that an architect’s certificate shall be a condition precedent to a contractor’s right to-payment has often been declared. Coorsen v. Ziehl, 103 Wis. 381, 79 N. W. 562; John Pritzlaff H. Co. v. Berghoefer, 103 Wis. 359, 79 N. W. 564; Mindeman v. Douville, 112 Wis. 413, 88 N. W. 299. Such an agreement is, however, deemed and construed to embody the condition that the architect shall exercise his function as arbitrator honestly and in good faith. He usually is, as in- the instant case, the employee and agent of the owner, and, but for such a condition, can, if he will, absolutely deprive the contractor of all pay for his work, however exactly it may comply with the contract.. An agreement to submit the question of pay or no pay to the-mere whim, or worse, of one in an opposing interest is too315 absurd for belief that parties’ minds met tbereon. Hence tbe rule is well established that he who performs his contract may recover in court his pay therefor, notwithstanding such agreement, if it appear that he is disabled from obtaining the architect’s certificate by collusive, fraudulent, arbitfary, or unreasonable refusal by the latter. Hudson v. McCartney, 33 Wis. 331, 341; Bentley v. Davidson, 74 Wis. 420, 424, 43 N. W. 139; Wendt v. Vogel, 87 Wis. 462, 465, 58 N. W. 764. More obviously still is one excused if the issue of the certificate is prevented by act of the owner. Bannister v. Patty’s Ex’rs, 35 Wis. 215, 225; Ashland L., S. & C. Co. v. Shores, 105 Wis. 122, 132, 81 N. W. 136; Boden v. Maher, 105 Wis. 539, 547, 81 N. W. 661; Mindeman v. Douville, supra; McDonald v. Patterson, 186 Ill. 381, 384, 57 N. E. 1027. The evidence as to what transpired after the fire between plaintiff, the architect, and Dr. Capíes, the defendant’s managing officer, is not in dispute. Upon presentation of plaintiff’s final bill the architect assured him that his work was all satisfactory except a mixing table, but said he could not give certificate because Dr. Capíes had withdrawn from him the contract. The architect testified that after such withdrawal of the contract he exercised no authority under it and so stated to plaintiff. At the same time he told plaintiff he must see and deal with Capíes. Thereupon plaintiff applied to Capíes for payment, was met with no suggestion that a' certificate was needed or would vary the situation, but was told the defendant would compromise by allowing eighty-five-per cent, of the total bill, and by giving plaintiff a contract: on rebuilding, and if that were not accepted they would keep' him out 'of his money as long as they could. There was no claim that the defendant did not legally' owe the whole! amount, nor that Capíes needed the certificate or any information from the architect to assure him of the work done or the amount due, of which it appears the architect had already [316] informed him. We can entertain no doubt that the conduct of the architect in refusing a certificate was arbitrary, unjust, and, in the legal sense, fraudulent. It was the architect’s duty, as between plaintiff and defendant, to exercise his judgment and make a decision as to whether plaintiff was or was not entitled to the sum demanded, and, if not, then to what sum. His errors in performing such duty might be unassailable. When, however, he refused to act — refused to exercise his agreed jurisdiction — there was no room for mere •error. It constituted, not a wrong decision, but an arbitrary and unjust refusal of any decision. If the architect may be ■absolved from any conscious or intentional wrong or fraud against plaintiff, it can only be because the withdrawal of the contract disabled him from exercising his function. That brings us at once in contact with the rule above stated — that ■defendant’s own acts preventing the issue of such certificates will, a fortiori, excuse plaintiff from producing one. The trial court clearly erred in holding that absence of the architect’s certificate, under the circumstances, was any obstacle to plaintiff’s recovery. The item of $150 deduction for a mixing table rejected by the architect as not in accord with specifications cannot be allowed, although there is much evidence to dispute the architect’s decision. On that subject he did act within his agreed jurisdiction and his ruling is conclusive. There is no evidence to support any other deductions from the amount demanded by the complaint. The fact that the claim for lien filed, as also the complaint, described a twelve-acre tract of land as that upon which lien was demanded, while by the evidence it appears that only one ■acre can be so subject, is urged as an obstacle to recovery. In this contention it is apparent that counsel have confused rulings made in different decisions. Thus in Security Nat. Bank v. St. Croix P. Co. 111 Wis. 211, 94 N. W. 74, and Dusick v. Green, 118 Wis. 240, 95 N. W. 144, the right to [317] a lien was defeated because tbe plaintiff bad failed to file witbin tbe statutory six months any claim for or notice of lien containing a description of any parcel of land whatever; hence the condition precedent to a lien demanded by tbe statute was lacking. In those cases tbe attempted description was such as not to define any parcel of land which could be segregated on tbe ground so that a purchaser could know whether any given parcel which he might desire to buy was claimed to be subject to the lien or not. In other cases, however, where, as in this, a fully defined piece of ground was specified as that upon which the lien was claimed, but was found to exceed the amount upon which it could be sustained, it has been held to be the duty of the trial court, as in the case of other excessive demands, to award judgment for that portion of the whole tract to which plaintiff is entitled under-the evidence. McCoy v. Quick, 30 Wis. 521; Dusick v. Green, supra. Here the tract of land claimed is in no wise ambiguous. It is the entire twelve acres. Hence the statutory requirement of a claim for lien describing the land, filed within six months, was satisfied; and although the complaint, following the notice, claimed the whole, it was the duty of the court to ascertain by proof one acre within said tract so-claimed which should contain the building and be subjected to the lien. Owing to the ruling of the court that this could not be done, there is not evidence in the record to enable us-to direct a judgment for any specific acre, and that subject will need to be referred to the trial court to take such further evidence thereon as may be necessary to enable it to embody an accurate description in its judgment. ' The question whether a lien can be sustained against the land after the building on which the work was done has been-destroyed is forced on our notice by Goodman v. Baerlocher, 88 Wis. 287, 60 N. W. 415, although the point is not raised.. -That case has been understood by some as declaring o.ur adoption of what may be called the Pennsylvania theory — that &■_ [318] mechanic’s lien primarily has no ajiplication to the land; that it attaches directly only upon the structure or building on which the mechanic works, and reaches the land only because of the inseparability of the building from the land to which it is annexed. The corollary deduced from such theory is that whenever the building goes out of existence the lien . goes with it, because then there exists no connecting link between the work or materials supplied by the claimant and the ground. This view seems also to involve the proposition that the lien does not spring into existence upon the doing of the work, but only either when the structure comes into existence, or thereafter upon the filing of proper claim. Presbyterian Church v. Stettler, 26 Pa. St. 246; Wigton & Brooks’s Appeal, 28 Pa. St. 161; Linden S. Co. v. Rough Run Mfg. Co. 158 Pa. St. 238, 27 Atl. 895. As conceded in the Goodman Case, this view is repudiated by most other courts under statutes resembling our own. Freeman v. Carson, 27 Minn. 516, 8 N. W. 764; Clark v. Parker, 58 Iowa, 509, 12 N. W. 553; Steigleman v. McBride, 17 Ill. 300; Sontag v. Brennan, 75 Ill. 279; Paddock v. Stout, 121 Ill. 571, 13 N. E. 182; Stuart v. Broome, 59 Tex. 466. It would appear quite doubtful whether the court did declare itself in favor of the Pennsylvania rule in the Goodman Case, or rested its decision on the other apparent ground, namely, . efficacy of complete breach by the principal contractor to prevent subcontractor’s lien, on authority of Malbon v. Birney, 11 Wis. 107; but apparently the latter interpretation has been repudiated in Seeman v. Biemann, 108 Wis. 365, 379, 84 N. W. 490. Whatever construction be given the Goodman Case, however, we deem it clear that the grounds on which the Pennsylvania rule rests have no existence under our lien statutes and have been repudiated in at least two recent cases in this court. Viles v. Green, 91 Wis. 217, 64 N. W. 856; Fitzgerald v. Walsh, 107 Wis. 92, 82 N. W. 717. There it is held that the mechanic’s lien arises by law upon the doing [319] of work or furnishing materials in case construction of a building be actually commenced, and is not dependent for •original existence either upon the filing of a claim or upon •the construction of a building to which it must first attach in order to reach the land. In the latter of these cases the architect’s lien was held to have attached to the land the moment excavation for the building commenced. Clearly, if the lien may fasten on the land before any structure exists ■thereon, it may persist after any such structure disappears. 'Several of the provisions of our statute (sec. 3314, Stats. 1898) are so inconsistent with the necessity of any structure for a lien to fasten upon as to preclude belief in any such legislative idea — notably those of excavating, dredging, road repairing, and the like. We conclude that the Pennsylvania rule has no place under our statute, and that plaintiff’s lien, having once attached to the land, was not detached by the destruction of the building which defendant had impliedly contracted should remain in existence to enable completion of plaintiff’s contract. By the Gowrt. — Judgment reversed, and cause remanded with directions to take further proceedings and render judgment in plaintiff’s favor in accordance with the foregoing ■opinion.