State v. Pay

FRICK, J. On the 31st day of May, 1913, a complaint under oath was duly filed before one J. S. Cooper, a justice of the peace in and for Juab County, Utah, in which it was charged that the defendant on the 20th day of April, 1913, in Juab County, “did then and there willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously steal, take, and carry away 100 head of sheep,” the personal property of one A. J. Aagard. The marks and brands identifying the said sheep were also stated in said complaint. A warrant of arrest was duly issued, and the defendant was arrested and brought before said justice, and a preliminary hearing was deferred from time to time until the 7th day of July, 1913. On that day a preliminary examination was duly held before said justice. After the evidence was completed, the defendant filed a motion, in which he asked that the complaint be dismissed upon the ground that the State had failed to prove that the larceny charged, or any larceny, had been committed. The justice reserved judgment until the following day. The transcript of the justice relating tO' the motion, as filed in the district court, reads as follows: ‘ ‘ The motion to dismiss was denied, and the cause was then submitted to the court without argument. In summing up, the court held that, although the charge in the complaint and the evidence as heard were at variance, the evidence disclosed the fact that a crime had been committed. The court ordered that the defendant be held to answer-to the court of the Fifth Judicial District on the charge of having changed -the earmarks of the sheep mentioned in the complaint with intent to steal the same.” — 414 — The justice therefore made an indorsement on the complaint as follows: “It appearing to me that the offense of changing marks on certain sheep with intent to steal the same has been committed and there is sufficient cause to believe the within named Matthew Pay guilty thereof, I order that he be held to answer the same. J. S. Cooper, Justice of the Peace.” The transcript of the proceedings had before the justice was duly filed in the district court of Juab County, where, on the 15th day of August, 1913, the district attorney filed an information based on the foregoing return of the justice, in which the defendant was charged with the crime of ‘ ‘ altering marks on sheep with intent to steal the same,” in the following words: ‘ ‘ That the said defendant, Matthew Pay, on the 20th day of April, A. D. 1913, in Juab County, State of Utah, did then and there willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously alter the earmarks on one hundred head of sheep, said sheep being marked with a slit and upper bit in the left ear and with an underslit in right ear, and being then and there the personal property of one A. J. Aagard, by then and there cutting the ears of said sheep so as to alter and deface said earmarks, with the specific, unlawful, and felonious intent thereby to steal said sheep; contrary, ’ ’ etc. The defendant, before pleading to the information, in proper time and form, filed a motion to set aside or quash the information upon the ground, among others, that the defendant was neither given nor had waived a preliminary examination upon the charge contained in the information filed by the district attorney. The motion was based upon the record as we have given it, which was supplemented by the affidavit of the defendant. The court denied the motion and compelled the defendant to go to trial. He made timely and proper objections to the jurisdiction of the court for the reasons before stated, all of which were overruled. The defendant offered no evidence, and the jury returned a verdict of guilty. He filed a motion in arrest of judgment for the reasons already stated, which was also overruled. The court — 415 — then entered judgment sentencing the defendant to a term in the state prison, and he appeals. 1 The defendant now assigns the several rulings of the court as error, and insists that the court erred in denying his motion to set aside or quash the information upon the ground that the defendant had not been given a preliminary examination, although he had not waived the same. The record in this case squarely presents the question whether the information which the statute authorizes the district attorney to file must, in substance at least, charge the same offense which is charged in the complaint on which the warrant of arrest and the preliminary examination, if there be one, are based. The precise question has not heretofore been passed on in this jurisdiction. The question, in view of some of the conflicting provisions of our Constitution' and statutes relating to the initiation and prosecution of criminal offenses, is neither free from difficulty nor doubt. The defendant contends that-under our Constitution and statutes the information must substantially charge the crime stated in the complaint, or one which is included or embraced within it, and further contends that in ease the crime charged in the information is not the one stated in the complaint, or one that is included therein, the district court cannot, over the objection of the defendant, legally proceed to try him for the offense charged in the information. To support their contention, counsel for the defendant cite and rely on People v. Wallace, 94 Cal. 497; 29 Pac. 950; People v. Christian, 101 Cal., 471; 35 Pac. 1043; People v. Howard, 111 Cal. 655; 44 Pac. 342; and 12 Cyc. 305. In Cyc. it is said: “The information therefore can only be for the offense upon a charge of which the accused has had a preliminary examination or for an offense included within such charge.” Upon the other hand, the State contends that the magistrate before whom the original complaint is filed may require the accused to appear before the district court for trial for any offense of which the magistrate, from the evidence adduced, finds there is probable cause to believe the accused guilty, whether such offense was charged in the complaint or not. — 416 — In support of tlieir contention, counsel for tbe State cite and rely on Stale v. Newton, 29 Wash. 373; 70 Pac. 31; People v. Staples, 91 Cal. 23; 27 Pac. 523; People v. Wheeler, 73 Cal. 252; 14 Pac. 796; State v. Boulter, 5 Wyo. 236; 39 Pac. 883; People v. Nogiri, 142 Cal. 596; 76 Pac. 490; and People v. Lee Look, 143 Cal. 216; 76 Pac. 1028. In our judgment the only eases where the doctrine is held as broadly as is contended for by the State are People v. Wheeler, and State v. Newton, supra. People v. Wheeler was, however, squarely overruled by the Supreme Court of California in the ease o f People v. Christian, 101 Cal. 475; 35 Pac. 1043. In that case it was also held that what was said upon the subject in People v. Staples, supra, was merely obiter dicta, and such clearly was the ease. People v. Christian was approved and followed in the case of People v. Howard, supra. Counsel for the State, however, contend that in People v. Lee Look and in People v. Nogiri, supra, the doctrine announced in People v. Wheeler is again revived. An examination of those two cases, however, discloses that the question was not before the court. True, in the ease of People v. Nogiri it is held that it is the offense which the magistrate, on the preliminary examination, finds was committed, rather than the offense charged in the complaint, which controls the district attorney. It is not held in that ease, however, that the accused may in the information be charged with an offense different from and not included within that stated in the complaint and upon which the preliminary examination was held. It has, however, also been held by the Supreme Court of Kansas that under the statutes of that state the accused may be charged in. the information filed in the district court with an offense other than the one contained in the'initial complaint. But it is also said by the court in that ease that, if the magistrate finds that a different offense was committed than the one charged in the complaint, then an amended or new complaint should be filed, although it is there held that to file such new complaint is not absolutely necessary under the Kansas statute. Redmond v. Kansas, 12 Kan. 172, 176. Michigan cases are also cited sometimes as holding the doctrine contended for by the State. . In Miehi417 gan, however, while a complaint in some form seems- necessary to initiate a criminal proceeding, yet such complaint need not be in writing, and the whole matter, to a large extent at least, seems to rest upon the evidence which is produced in support of the complaint and upon which the warrant of arrest is based. See Turner v. People, 33 Mich. 363. It is said in that case that a complaint is necessary to set a criminal prosecution in motion; but the form thereof, it is held, is not material. In Nebraska, whose statutes with regard to the commencement of criminal prosecutions- before magistrates and the holding of preliminary examinations and the filing of informations in the district court are in effect like ours (Rev. Stat. Neb. 1913, sections 8940, 9068), it is held that the charge in the information must substantially be the same as the one contained in the complaint, and if there be a substantial variance it is cause for quashing the information upon the ground that no preliminary examination has been had or waived for the offense charged in the information, if a.motion to quash.is timely interposed. Cowan v. State, 22 Neb. 519; 35 N. W. 405; Hockenberger v. State, 49 Neb. 706; 68 N. W. 1037; Mills v. State, 53 Neb. 263; 73 N. W. 761. It has also been held in Re Mills Sing, 13 Cal. App. 736; 110 Pac. 693, that under the California Penal Code, section 806, “the complaint which initiates a criminal proceeding need not be verified.” In California, like in Michigan, some evidence must, however, be produced in support of the charge in the complaint, which evidence may be in the form of affidavits or depositions. It is upon that evidence that the magistrate acts in issuing a warrant of arrest, rather than upon what is stated in the complaint. "We shall refer to some of the cases referred to above again later. Let us now pause for a few moments to examine our Constitution and statutes relating to the initiation of criminal proceedings and for holding preliminary examinations before magistrates. Comp. Laws 1907, section 4604, defines an original complaint thus: — 418 — “4604. A complaint is a statement in writing, made to a court or magistrate, that a person has been guilty of some designated offense.” Section 4610 provides whát the complaint must state as follows: “4610. The complaint must state: (1) The name of the person accused, if known, or if not known and it is so1 stated, he may be designated by any other name; (2) the county in which the offense was committed; (3) the general name of the crime or public offense; (4) the acts or omissions complained of as constituting the crime or public offense; (5) the person against whom or against whose property the offense was committed, if known; (6) if the offense is against the property of any person, a general description of such property. The complaint must be subscribed and sworn to by the complainant. ’ ’ Section 4615, so far as material here, provides: “4615. When a complaint, verified by oath or affirmation, is made before a magistrate, charging the commission of a crime or public offense, he must, if satisfied therefrom that the offense complained of has been committed, and that there is reasonable ground to believe that the accused committed it, issue a warrant for his arrest; but when the magistrate before whom the complaint is made is a justice of the peace, before issuing the warrant, the complaint, if made by any person other than the county attorney of the county, and other evidence taken by such magistrate relating to the offense charged, must be submitted to such county attorney, and he must examine into the charge and enter either his approval or disapproval of the issuance of a warrant upon such complaint. If the county attorney disapproves, no warrant shall be issued, but if he approves the issuance of a warrant such magistrate shall proceed accordingly.” ■ The proviso following the foregoing is not material here. If a warrant is issued and the accused is arrested and is taken before a magistrate, the latter “must immediately inform him of the charge against him, and of his right to the aid of counsel in every stage of the proceedings.” Section 4657. Before proceeding with the examination, “the magis — 419 — trate must first read to tbe defendant the complaint;” etc. Section 4665. Section 4675 reads as follows: ”4675. If, however, it appear from the examination that a public offense has been committed, and that there is sufficient cause to believe the defendant guilty thereof, the magistrate must indorse on the. complaint an order, signed by him, to the following effect: ‘It appearing to1 me that the offense in the within complaint mentioned (or any offense, according to the fact, stating generally the nature thereof) has been committed, and that there is sufficient cause to' believe the within named A. B. guilty thereof, I order that he be held to answer the same.’ ” Section 4692 reads as follows: “4692. When a defendant has been examined and committed as provided in this Code, it shall be the duty of the district attorney, within thirty days thereafter, to file in the district court of the county in which the offense is triable an information charging the defendant with the offense for which he is held to answer, or any other offense disclosed by the testimony, whether it be the offense charged in the complaint on which the examination was held or not. If the district attorney fails to file the information within the time specified, he shall be deemed guilty of contempt, and may be prosecuted for neglect of duty, as in other eases.” Article 1, section 13, of ouy Constitution, so far as material here, provides: “Offenses heretofore required to be prosecuted by indictment, shall be prosecuted by information after examination and commitment by a magistrate, unless the examination be waived by the accused with the consent of the State.” It is apparent, without comment, that the foregoing provisions are not as harmonious as they could be made. Some of the incongruities may, perhaps, be attributed to the fact that the Code commissioners, in compiling and preparing the Revised Statutes of 1898, in which all of the foregoing provisions are found, took some, of the provisions from one state, others from another state, while others still were modified. It should likewise be noted that the California statutes — 420 — contain no provisions like those in sections 4610 and 4615, supra. Whatever the conflicting provisions may be, however, it becomes our duty to reconcile and harmonize them, if such a thing is possible, and. give each and all of them proper effect. Moreover, we must so construe and apply the conflicting provisions as to harmonize them with the provisions of our Constitution, which, of course, control. We thus start out with the proposition that under our procedure a criminal prosecution must be initiated by filing a complaint in writing which must be verified by the complainant; that such complaint, among other things, must state the general name of the crime charged; that it must state “the acts or omissions complained of as constituting the crime,” the person against whom or against whose property the offense was committed, and a general description of the property if property is the subject of the offense. When a person is thus accused, arrested, and brought before the magistrate, he must be informed of “the charge against him,” and, before proceeding with the examination, the complaint filed against him must be read to him. He must also be informed of his right to have counsel, and time must be allowed him to procure one if he so desires. All this is, no' doubt, required to be done to enable the accused to determine whether he desires counsel, or whether he will waive the examination, or insist upon being given one and have witnesses called in his behalf. It is manifest that, if the accused waives the examination, and the State consents thereto, all the magistrate has authority to do is to require the accused to appear before the district court to answer to the charge contained in the complaint and no other, since it is upon that, and nothing else, that he has waived or has had an opportunity to waive an examination. Let it be assumed, however, that the State refuses to consent that an examination be waived, but insists that the magistrate shall hear such evidence as the State may produpe. Even then the accused may assume that the evidence to be adduced will relate to the charge that was read to him and of which he was required to be informed by the magistrate, and he may thus still waive the right to counsel and the production of evidence in his favor. By what author — 421 — ity can the State thus ignore the charge contained in the complaint and proceed to a hearing upon some other charge which is, or may be, absolutely foreign to anything that may be contained in the complaint1? If it may do> so, of what use is the reading of the complaint to the accused and giving to him all the other information that the magistrate is required to impart to him before proceeding with the examination? Again, if the magistrate may thus require the accused to appear before the district court for trial upon another and different offense than the one stated in the complaint and upon which he has waived an examination, then it necessarily follows that he is held for an offense concerning, which he had no opportunity to waive either an examination or the aid of counsel and had not had the preliminary examination contemplated by our statute. The right to waive an examination necessarily implies the right to know in advance what the charge is upon which an examination may be waived. When all of the provisions of our Constitution and statutes ai'e construed together, it seems to us there is little, if any, room left for doubt that it was intended that the accused should not be held for trial for any offense except the one that is stated in the complaint or one that is included therein. But it is contended that such a construction gives no effect to sections 4675 and 4692, both of which we have before set forth at large. We think otherwise. While it may be true that the language of section 4692 may not by our construction be literally applied, yet it cannot be said that all of the language therein contained is not given some force and effect. If the language is restricted to apply to some included offense, as before suggested, it still is given proper force and effect, while if it is literally applied certain constitutional rights are invaded. The only difference, therefore, between the State’s contention and our construction is that we seek t.o restrict the meaning of the language contained in section 4692 so as to harmonize it with all of the other constitutional and statutory provisions, while the State seeks to have us enforce the language of that section literally and regardless of all other provisions on the same subject. — 422 — 2 It is frequently the ease that, in order to harmonize conflicting provisions and to effectuate the intention and purpose of the lawmaking power, courts must either restrict or enlarge .the ordinary meaning of words. Hilton v. Thatcher, 31 Utah, 370; 88 Pac. 20; 2 Lewis, Suth. St. Const., section 376. This rule has special force where, as here, statutes must be made to conform to some constitutional provision. In that connection it should also be remembered that those provisions of our statute which relate to what the original complaint must contain and the manner of the issuing of the warrant and the holding of the preliminary examination upon the complaint are taken from North Dakota and Montana, while the two sections, to-wit, 4675 and 4692, which relate to the binding'over and the filing of the information in the district court, are taken from California. As already pointed out, the complaint under the statutes of California is not given the importance that it is under our statute. 3 It should here also be stated that, in all that this court has said upon the right of a preliminary examination and respecting the right to waive, it shows that the right has been regarded as a substantial one, and that it had refer-erence to the charge preferred against the accused in the complaint. See State v. Jensen, 34 Utah, 166; 96 Pac. 1085; State v. Hoben, 36 Utah, 186; 102 Pac. 1000. We refer to those matters, however, only for the purpose of showing that the complaint by which a criminal prosecution is initiated has by the courts of this state always been regarded as performing an important function and as being the very foundation upon which the courts base the right to proceed with the prosecution. Notwithstanding the fact that California has no statute containing the provisions contained in sections 4610 and 4615, the view we have taken here is, nevertheless, the one maintained by the Supreme Court of that state in the cases of People v. Christian and People v. Howard, supra. We can add nothing to the cogent reasons there stated against the practice of holding the accused to the trial court and informing against him there, except upon the charge contained in the complaint or for one that is included therein. While it is true that it is claimed that the two cases just referred — 423 — to were modified by wbat is said in People v. Sehorn, 116 Cal. 503; 48 Pac. 495, and People v. Cole, 127 Cal. 545; 59 Pac. 984, yet an examination of those two eases will at once dispel that claim. The proposition here in question was not before the court at all in either of those eases, and hence could not have been decided. The same is true of the cases of People v. Lee Look and People v. Nogiñ, to both of which we have already referred. But it is suggested that where the magistrate hears the evidence and passes upon it, and then requires the accused to appear before the district court for trial, he has had an examination upon the offense for which he is bound over and informed against, and therefore he has enjoyed the right guaranteed to him by the Constitution. To so hold is to put a sovereign state in the attitude of those— ‘‘ That keep the word of promise to our ear “And break it to our hope.” 4 This would be to “palter in a double sense,” and would entirely ignore the fact that the accused has the right to be informed of the charge and of having the complaint read before he is called on to choose counsel or to waive preliminary examination. He, as we have seen, may waive an examination and in doing so he may, and perhaps usually also waives the right to> have counsel present. Now, if the State proceeds to bind him over upon a charge other than the one contained in the complaint, he has lost the benefit of counsel as well as the right to waive examination upon the charge for which he is actually bound over. The rights guaranteed to him in both the statutes and the Constitution are therefore frittered away and are as useless to' him as though they never had existed. -To hold that such is the intent and purpose of our Constitution and statutes is equivalent to holding that the duty to charge the accused with some offense and his right to waive an examination upon such offense are mere useless formalities to be observed or ignored in accordance with the caprice or whim of the prosecuting officer and the magistrate. Take the case at bar as an example : Here the accused was charged 'with the crime of larceny. He insisted that he had not committed such an offense, and hence should not be put to the trouble and — 424 — expense of a trial, and to establish that fact insisted upon an examination. The magistrate, upon such examination, found that to be true, but, nevertheless, in effect said; “Under the evidence I think you are guilty of something else, and therefore I shall bind you over for that.” A person may thus be charged with stealing a yearling calf, and be held and put upon trial for kidnapping a child, or for any other of the numerous felonies, without being given the right to waive an examination or to be heard respecting the charge upon which he is finally held for trial. We say without being heard for the reason that he is directing, and has the right to direct, his attention to the charge preferred against him in the complaint and to nothing else. The very fact, therefore, that one has successfully met and refuted the charge contained in the complaint, becomes the basis for the State to hold him for some .other offense of which he never had any legal information. This the State should not be permitted to1 do. Nor can the State complain if it is required to file a complaint in which the offense that it is claimed the accused committed is stated. 5, 6 Of course, the offense need not be stated in technical language, nor in such specific terms as is required in an information or an indictment. It is sufficient that the jurisdictional facts appear and that the crime is stated in ordinary language. The language need not even be concise or without repetition. The only test is: Are ail the elements constituting the offense stated? The statement may be very imperfect and still be good. Upon such a complaint, the magistrate, in ease the accused waives the examination, may require him to answer to the district court. And if he demands an examination the magistrate may hear the evidence and bind him over to the district court as before. If upon the hearing it develops that the crime charged has not been committed, but that some other crime probably has been committed, the magistrate need not discharge the accused unconditionally, but he map prepare, or direct the county attorney to prepare, a complaint in which the offense which the magistrate finds was committed is stated, and rearrest the accused upon that charge and give him an opportunity to — 425 — either waive or insist upon an examination and give him time to procure counsel if he desires to do so. Had such a course been pursued in this ease, the defendant might or might not, have waived an examination. In any event, he would then have been given the opportunity to exercise his constitutional rights or to waive them. To- do- that was denied him. Again, if the magistrate fails to comply with the law, as in this ease, it is still an easy matter, under our statutes, for the district court to comply therewith. When the defendant in this case moved to quash the information, the district court, upon this record, should have granted the motion and should have ordered the county attorney to file a complaint forthwith either before the district judge sitting as a magistrate or be-' fore some other magistrate. The defendant should then have been given an opportunity either to waive or to insist upon a preliminary hearing upon the charge thus- preferred against him; and if the judge sitting as a magistrate, or some other magistrate, had, upon such a hearing, found sufficient cause to believe that the accused should be held to answer to the district court, such an order should have been made. The district attorney could then have filed an information based upon the charge, and the trial could have proceeded in the regular way. To, follow such a procedure would ordinarily eonstune but little time and could in no way hamper or prejudice the rights of the State, while it would preserve every right of the accused. 7 We have gone into the matter at length so as to leave no room for doubt respecting the procedure that should be followed. By what we have said we do not wish to be understood as holding that, if a complaint should be deficient in substance, but an information properly charging the offense which was attempted to- be stated in the complaint has been filed, and the accused has pleaded to the merits, he still has the right to attack the complaint, which has then, spent its force. It may well be said that, under such circumstances, he has waived his right to- assail the sufficiency of the original complaint. Nor do we hold that the objection here passed on can be made at any stage of the proceeding or in any form. What we hold is that if the accused — 426 — makes tbe objection, as in this case, before pleading to tbe merits and in proper form, and that it is made to appear that the accused has not had a preliminary examination upon the specific charge laid in the information and has not waived the same, then the information should be quashed and the procedure as herein indicated should be followed. Let it also be understood that merely to depart from the date named in the complaint is, ordinarily at least, not to be deemed a different offense, since the date, as a general rule, is not a material element of the crime. For-the reasons stated, the judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the district court of Juab County, with directions to set aside its order denying the motion to quash the information and to enter an order granting said motion. Further, if the district judge is so advised, to direct the county attorney to file a proper complaint against the defendant either before the district judge sitting as a magistrate or before some other magistrate, and,, in case the defendant is held to answer to the district court upon the charge contained in the complaint, then proceed with the case in the usual manner. STRAUP, C. J., and McCARTY, J., concur.