United States v. Warren Lavell Jackson

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[PUBLISH] In the United States Court of Appeals For the Eleventh Circuit

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No. 19-11955 ____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus WARREN LAVELL JACKSON,

Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida D.C. Docket No. 2:99-cr-14021-DMM-1 ____________________

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The jury did not make a finding as to the specific drug quantity involved in Jackson’s crime; Jackson “was prosecuted before Ap- prendi v. New Jersey made clear that drug-quantity findings that increase a defendant’s punishment must be made by a jury based on a standard of proof of beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 1293 (citing 530 U.S. at 490). The district court found that the offense involved 287 grams of crack cocaine. Based on this drug-quantity finding and after applying a sentencing enhancement for three prior felony drug convictions, the district court imposed a statuto- rily mandated sentence of life imprisonment. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) (1994); see also United States Sentencing Guide- lines § 5G1.1(b) (1998). Following the district court’s decision, Jackson has had mul- tiple opportunities to challenge his sentence. We affirmed his con- viction and sentence on direct appeal. The district court denied at least four habeas petitions, 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a), and a motion to va- cate his sentence pursuant to Rule 60, FED. R. CIV. P. 60. And it denied his motions for a reduction of his sentence. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). Afterward, the President commuted Jackson’s sen- tence to 300 months’ imprisonment. In 2019, Jackson moved to reduce his sentence under the First Step Act, which permits “[a] court that imposed a sentence for a covered offense [to] . . . impose a reduced sentence as if sections 2 and 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 were in effect at the time the covered offense was committed.” First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-391, § 404(b), 132 Stat. 5194, 5222 (internal citation

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We clarified that “previous finding[s] of drug quantity that could have been used to determine the movant’s statutory penalty” include “a previous drug-quantity finding that was necessary to trigger the statutory penalty [even] if it was made by a judge.” Id. at 1302. We acknowledged that, under Apprendi, a jury must make a drug-quantity finding if it increases the statutory penalty. Id. But we held that “just as a movant may not use Apprendi to collaterally attack his sentence, he cannot rely on Apprendi to redefine his of- fense for purposes of a First Step Act motion.” Id. (internal citation omitted). So, we concluded that “in deciding motions for reduced sentences under the First Step Act,” the district court may “rely[] on earlier judge-found facts that triggered statutory penalties that the Fair Sentencing Act later modified.” Id. at 1303. We held that the district court was bound by the judge’s ear- lier drug-quantity finding of 287 grams of crack cocaine. Id. at 1304. Based on this amount, we held that the “[t]he district court cor- rectly concluded that it could not reduce Jackson’s sentence be- cause his drug-quantity finding meant that he would face the same statutory penalty of life imprisonment under the Fair Sentencing Act.” Id. (citing 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) (2012)). Because Jack- son’s sentence “would have necessarily remained the same,” fol- lowing the consideration of the drug-quantity finding, “[a]ny re- duction the district court would grant would not be ‘as if’ the Fair Sentencing Act had been in effect.” Id. at 1303. Following our decision, Jackson petitioned for rehearing en banc. We denied his petition. See Jackson, 995 F.3d at 1308. Jackson

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then petitioned for a writ of certiorari from the Supreme Court. During the pendency of his petition, the Supreme Court decided in Concepcion v. United States, 142 S. Ct. at 2396, which factors, be- sides the changes to the crack-cocaine sentencing ranges, a district court may consider in deciding whether to exercise its discretion to reduce a sentence for a covered offense under the First Step Act. The Supreme Court explained that the “as if” clause did not “limit the information a district court may use to inform its decision whether and how much to reduce a sentence.” Concepcion, 142 S. Ct. at 2402. The Supreme Court held that a district court “may con- sider other intervening changes of law (such as changes to the Sen- tencing Guidelines) or changes of fact (such as behavior in prison) in adjudicating a First Step Act motion.” Id. at 2396. In October 2022, the Supreme Court granted Jackson’s petition, vacated our judgment, and remanded the case for further consideration in the light of Concepcion. Jackson v. United States, 143 S. Ct. 72 (2022). II. STANDARD OF REVIEW “We review de novo questions of statutory interpretation and whether a district court had the authority to modify a term of imprisonment.” Jones, 962 F.3d at 1296 (internal citation omitted). “We review for abuse of discretion the denial of an eligible mo- vant’s request for a reduced sentence under the First Step Act.” Id. III. DISCUSSION We divide our discussion into two parts. First, we explain that Concepcion did not abrogate our holding that “the district

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court is bound by a previous finding of drug quantity that could have been used to determine the movant’s statutory penalty at the time of sentencing.” Jones, 962 F.3d at 1303. Second, we explain that Jackson cannot use a motion for a reduced sentence to correct an error based on Apprendi. A. The District Court Correctly Relied on the Judge-Made Drug- Quantity Finding to Calculate Jackson’s Sentencing Range. Jackson argues that Concepcion “cannot be squared” with Jones’s holding that district courts are bound by judge-made drug- quantity findings in First Step Act proceedings. Jackson maintains that “the [Supreme] Court rejected Jones’[s] core premise that the ‘as if’ language in § 404(b) imposes a substantive limit on the infor- mation a court can consider under the [First Step] Act.” Jackson interprets Concepcion to give district courts complete discretion— without “any limitations” imposed by the “as-if” provision—to consider arguments “in favor of, or against, sentence modifica- tion.” Jackson maintains that the district court was “free to consider intervening changes in law, including . . . Apprendi, in deciding whether to reduce [Jackson’s] sentence under the First Step Act.” The district court’s discretion, Jackson suggests, includes the au- thority to ignore the earlier judge-made drug-quantity finding in calculating his statutory sentencing range. We disagree. We do not read Concepcion so broadly. In Concepcion, the Supreme Court addressed which factors a district court may con- sider when a prisoner who was convicted of a “covered offense” seeks a reduced sentence under the First Step Act. 142 S. Ct. at 2396.

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The movant in Concepcion was convicted of a “covered offense” for which the penalty range had been lowered in the Fair Sentenc- ing Act. Id. at 2396–97. But he wanted the district court to consider other criteria during his First Step Act sentencing modification hearing. For example, he wanted the court to acknowledge legal changes that postdated his original sentencing. These changes in- cluded the vacatur of one of his state convictions and the Supreme Court’s decision that his other convictions would no longer count as “crimes of violence.” Id. And he wanted the court to consider new factual developments. He maintained that he had been reha- bilitated, citing his drug treatment, job training, and spiritual growth. Id. The district court had refused to consider these factors. It ruled that it could “consider[] only the changes in law that the Fair Sentencing Act enacted,” not other evidence. Id. The Supreme Court disagreed. It cited the traditional “dis- cretion federal judges hold at . . . sentencing modification hear- ings.” Id. at 2399. In the First Step Act, Congress “did not contra- vene this well-established sentencing practice.” Id. at 2401. The Su- preme Court concluded that district courts deciding First Step Act motions may “consider intervening changes of law or fact in exer- cising their discretion to reduce a sentence.” Id. at 2404. That is, they may consider whether a movant’s “evidence of rehabilitation or other changes in law counsel in favor of a sentence reduction” for an eligible defendant. Id. at 2404–05. Concepcion does not alter our decision in Jones, which, un- like Concepcion, was concerned with an issue that arises before the

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sentencing court’s discretion comes into play: determining how much of a drug the defendant possessed. Jones, 962 F.3d at 1303. This finding must occur before the district court can define the sub- stantive offense. Id. at 1302. In Jones, we held that a district court considering a First Step motion is bound by “earlier judge-found facts that triggered statutory penalties that the Fair Sentencing Act later modified.” Id. at 1303. Those facts include “previous finding[s] of drug quantity.” Id. Concepcion, by contrast, addressed an issue that arises only after drug quantity and the corresponding statutory penalties have been established: which factors the district court may consider in deciding an appropriate sentence. For instance, had the movant shown evidence of rehabilitation? Such questions are hardly unu- sual during a sentencing proceeding. The only peculiarity is that the First Step Act permits movants to raise them a second time at a modification proceeding. Put differently, in Concepcion, the Su- preme Court held that the movant effectively receives a new sen- tencing determination if he was convicted of a “covered offense” under the First Step Act. During its deliberations, the district court may consider intervening factual and legal developments. It may also decline to modify the movant’s sentence and choose to leave the earlier sentence intact. See Concepcion, 142 S. Ct. at 2404–05. Concepcion did not hold that First Step Act movants could relitigate their cases from the ground up. In fact, the Court sug- gested the opposite. It cautioned that “[a] district court cannot . . . recalculate a movant’s benchmark Guidelines range in any way

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other than to reflect the retroactive application of the Fair Sentenc- ing Act.” Concepcion, 142 S. Ct. at 2402 n.6; see also id. at 2403 n.8. This guidance is fully consistent with Jones, in which we held that a movant “cannot rely on Apprendi to redefine his offense for pur- poses of a First Step Act motion.” 962 F.3d at 1302. If a movant could use Apprendi to redefine his offense, then the district court would have to recalculate his guideline range in violation of the guidance in Concepcion. So Concepcion reinforces our conclusion in Jones that movants may not use a First Step Act proceeding to relitigate a drug-quantity finding. If we concluded otherwise, we would transform the First Step Act into a more powerful remedy than a motion to vacate. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Jackson maintains that district courts weighing a motion to reduce a sentence may consider any intervening change of law or fact, regardless of its nexus to sentencing. If that proposi- tion were true, then movants could use the First Step Act to reliti- gate not only their drug-quantity finding but also any other factual findings—including their guilt. District courts do not traditionally have that kind of discretion during initial sentencings or sentencing modification hearings. Concepcion, 142 S. Ct. at 2399 (“The discre- tion federal judges hold at initial sentencings also characterizes sen- tencing modification hearings.”). “Nothing in the text [of the First Step Act]” implies such dis- cretion or invites district courts to “change other variables” than the modified statutory penalty. Jackson, 995 F.3d at 1310 (Pryor, C.J., respecting denial of rehearing en banc). Instead, the factual

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findings that support a conviction and statutory penalty may be challenged on direct appeal. Jackson pursued this route decades ago and failed. He also moved to vacate his sentence and lost. The First Step Act does not give him another chance. B. Jackson Is Not Entitled to Relief Based on the Timing of His Direct Appeal. Although the parties disagree about the impact of Concep- cion on this appeal, they both urge us to remand the case “because of the particular procedural circumstances of . . . Jackson’s case.” The parties correctly state that Jackson’s sentence was pending on direct appeal when the Supreme Court decided Apprendi. And they seize on language from Jones, where we stated that “in determin- ing what a movant’s statutory penalty would be under the Fair Sen- tencing Act, the district court is bound by a previous finding of drug quantity that could have been used to determine the movant’s stat- utory penalty at the time of sentencing.” Jones, 962 F.3d at 1303. The parties maintain that because Apprendi held that a jury must make a drug-quantity finding and was issued while Jackson’s direct appeal was pending, the judge’s drug-quantity finding “is not a find- ing that ‘could have been used to determine [Jackson’s] statutory penalty at the time of sentencing.’” (Emphasis added.) We reject the argument that we may now correct an Apprendi error that was correctible on direct appeal. “[N]othing in [the First Step Act] suggests that a district court may revisit a drug-quantity finding for a trafficker’s statutory penalty . . . .” Jackson, 995 F.3d at 1311 (Pryor, C.J., respecting

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denial of rehearing en banc). As Jones explained, when the district court considers a motion for reduced sentence under the First Step Act, it may “rely[] on earlier judge-found facts that triggered statu- tory penalties that the Fair Sentencing Act later modified.” 962 F.3d at 1303. Those facts include “a previous drug-quantity finding that was necessary to trigger the statutory penalty if it was made by a judge.” Id. at 1302. “[T]he district court is bound by [its] previous finding of drug quantity in the same way that it is bound by its pre- vious finding of drug type.” Jackson, 995 F.3d at 1310 (Pryor, C.J., respecting denial of rehearing en banc) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). That Jackson’s direct appeal was pending when Apprendi was decided does not change this calculus. To be sure, “[a] new rule of criminal procedure applies to cases on direct review, even if the defendant’s trial has already concluded.” Edwards v. Vannoy, 141 S. Ct. 1547, 1554 (2021). The parties repeatedly press this point and argue that Apprendi must apply here. But Jackson’s direct ap- peal occurred long ago, and a First Step Act motion cannot mas- querade as a direct appeal. “[J]ust as a movant may not use Ap- prendi to collaterally attack his sentence, he cannot rely on Ap- prendi to redefine his offense for purposes of a First Step Act mo- tion.” Jones, 962 F.3d at 1302 (internal citation omitted). Jackson cannot use a motion for a reduced sentence to relitigate an earlier drug-quantity finding. Jackson had a remedy. After Apprendi was decided, he could have challenged his sentence as erroneous before we issued the

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mandate for his direct appeal on the ground that the issue of drug quantity was determined by the sentencing judge, not the jury. See United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 628–29 (2002). Other defend- ants took this approach. He apparently did not. Although Jackson argued in his motion to vacate, 28 U.S.C. § 2255, that his sentence violated the Sixth Amendment, “Apprendi does not apply retroac- tively [to cases] on collateral review.” McCoy v. United States, 266 F.3d 1245, 1258 (11th Cir. 2001). The First Step Act does not offer Jackson a redo of his direct appeal. IV. CONCLUSION We reinstate our prior decision and AFFIRM the order deny- ing Jackson’s motion to reduce his sentence.

Footnotes

[2] Opinion of the Court 19-11955 ON REMAND FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, GRANT, Circuit Judge, and JUNG, * District Judge. WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge: This appeal on remand from the Supreme Court requires us to reconsider, following the Supreme Court’s decision in Concep- cion v. United States, 142 S. Ct. 2389 (2022), whether the district court erred in denying Warren Jackson’s motion for a reduced sen- tence under the First Step Act of 2018. Following supplemental briefing, we conclude that Concepcion did not abrogate the rea- soning of our decision in United States v. Jones, 962 F.3d 1290 (11th Cir. 2020), which forecloses Jackson’s claim for relief. We also dis- agree with the parties that Jackson is entitled to relief because his original sentence was pending on direct appeal when the Supreme Court decided Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000). So, we reinstate our prior decision and affirm the denial of relief. I. BACKGROUND In 1999, a grand jury charged Jackson with one count of pos- sessing with intent to distribute more than 50 grams of crack co- caine in violation of 21 U.S.C. section 841(a)(1). See Jones, 962 F.3d at 1295. Jackson proceeded to trial, where a jury found him guilty. * Honorable William F. Jung, United States District Judge for the Middle Dis- trict of Florida, sitting by designation.

[4] Opinion of the Court 19-11955 omitted). The Act defines a “covered offense” as “a violation of a Federal criminal statute, the statutory penalties for which were modified by section 2 or 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act, that was com- mitted before August 3, 2010.” Id. § 404(a) (internal citation omit- ted). Section 2(a) of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372, 2372, increased the quantity of crack co- caine necessary to trigger the mandatory penalties under 21 U.S.C. sections 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) and (b)(1)(B)(iii). Jones, 962 F.3d at 1297. “A defendant now must traffic at least 280 grams of crack cocaine to trigger the highest penalties.” Id. Because the First Step Act retroactively applies the reduced penalties for crack-cocaine offenses under the Fair Sentencing Act, movants ordinarily argue that the drug-quantity finding that deter- mined their statutory penalty at the time of sentencing would per- mit a lower penalty under the Fair Sentencing Act. Jackson did not make that argument because, at his sentencing hearing, the judge found that the offense involved 287 grams of crack cocaine. That amount—because it is above 280 grams—still triggers “the highest penalties” under the Fair Sentencing Act. Id. Instead, Jackson argued he was eligible for a sentence reduc- tion because a judge, not a jury, made the drug-quantity finding that increased his statutory range. Jackson maintained that under Apprendi and Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 116 (2013), “the statutory penalties [in 21 U.S.C. section 841(b)] may be based only on a . . . [drug quantity] found as an element by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson argued that the judge-made drug- 19-11955 Opinion of the Court 5 quantity finding was thus invalid and that he should have been sen- tenced within a lower statutory range. He argued that the district court should reduce his sentence under the First Step Act. The district court denied Jackson’s motion. It ruled that the Fair Sentencing Act “would have had no impact on [Jackson’s] sen- tence . . . [b]ecause the offense involved 2[87] grams of cocaine.” So, after accounting for Jackson’s enhancements, he would still be subject to the same statutory mandatory minimum of life impris- onment. In United States v. Jones—a consolidated appeal involving four unrelated appellants—we affirmed the denial of Jackson’s mo- tion. We held that although Jackson was convicted of a “covered offense,” he did not prove that the reduction he sought would be “as if . . . the Fair Sentencing Act . . . were in effect at the time the covered offense was committed.” Jones, 962 F.3d at 1303 (quoting First Step Act § 404(b)). We held that the “‘as-if’ requirement im- poses two [relevant] limits.” Id.; see also United States v. Jackson,

[995] F.3d 1308, 1309 (11th Cir. 2021) (Pryor, C.J., respecting denial of rehearing en banc). “First, it does not permit reducing a mo- vant’s sentence if he received the lowest statutory penalty that also would be available to him under the Fair Sentencing Act.” Jones, 962 F.3d at 1303. “Second, in determining what a movant’s statu- tory penalty would be under the Fair Sentencing Act, the district court is bound by a previous finding of drug quantity that could have been used to determine the movant’s statutory penalty at the time of sentencing.” Id.