Freeman v. . Croom

WalKER, J., after stating the case: We have set forth above only so much of the evidence as is essential to an understanding of the ground upon which our decision must rest. The clear inference from the refusal of Croom and Kamsaur to deliver the ear to Thompson for the plaintiff is that it had been discovered that the mortgage was not registered until after Croom had traded for the car with Kelly, and therefore that the plaintiff did not have a valid mortgage on the car, and was not entitled to its possession. The contention of Croom is that the plaintiff virtually represented to him, at the time of the transaction in Fayetteville, that he had a valid mortgage on the Hudson car at the time of the exchange with Kelly, and that even if he told the plaintiff that it was his car or that he would release it to him, as plaintiff testified, he was induced to do so by this false representation, and, therefore, acted under a mistake of fact, and that he would not have made any such agreement for a return of the car, if it be true that he did so, had he known the facts, which were concealed' from him. If the plaintiff, when he told Croom that he had a mortgage on the car, suppressed a material fact of which he knew Croom was ignorant, and thereby induced the latter to believe that the' mortgage had been registered before the exchange with Kelly, and was, therefore, a valid lien upon the car, then Croom would not be bound by any agreement to release the car, as, to say the least of it, he would have acted under a clear mistake of the facts caused by the representation of Freeman as to the existence of a valid mortgage. An invalid mortgage is really no mortgage. “Assuming that both parties have done something *527 wbieb is legally sufficient to indicate tbeir assent to tbe terms of a contract, tbe question may arise wbetber tbe contract is binding in case tbe assent of one, or botb, is seeming but not real.” 6 Ruling Case Law, p. 620, sec. 40. “If an attempted contract assumed tbe existence of, and is based upon tbe existence of, an essential fact wbieb does not exist, there is no meeting of tbe minds of tbe parties in reality, and no contract tbat can be enforced by either.” Ibid., sec. 41. A contract is based upon tbe agreement or mutual consent of tbe parties, which, above all others, perhaps, is an essential element of every contract (9 Cyc., 245), and this must be a real consent. “Since mutual consent is essential to every agreement, and agreement is generally essential to a contract, there can, as a rule, be no binding contract where there is no real consent. Apparent consent may be unreal because of mistake, misrepresentation, fraud, duréss, or undue influence, or because of mental incapacity. Mistake is occasioned by ignorance or misconception of some matter, under tbe influence of which an act is done, and arises where one of tbe parties does not mean tbe same thing as tbe other, or where one or botb, while meaning tbe same thing, form untrue conclusions as to tbe subject-matter of tbe agreement. Mistake does not of itself affect tbe validity of contracts at all. But mistake may be such as to prevent any real agreement from being formed, in which case tbe agreement is not merely voidable, as in tbe case of fraud, but is absolutely void, botb at law and in equity. Or mistake may occur in tbe expression of a real agreement, in wbieb case, subject to rules of evidence, tbe instrument may be reformed in equity.” 9 Cyc., 388. These principles, established By tbe authorities, will suffice to show tbat in this case there was no actual meeting of minds, if tbe defendant R. P. Groom was ignorant of tbe fact tbat tbe plaintiff bad no valid mortgage, and was induced, by reason of said ignorance, to surrender bis rights in tbe Hudson car which be bad acquired from Kelly by exchange for tbe Overland and $150. Tbe plaintiff knew tbat .be bad no such mortgage, as be bad it registered, and, of course, knew tbe date on which it was done. Our statute provides as follows: “No deed of trust or mortgage for real or personal estate shall be valid at law to pass any property from tbe donor, bargainor, or mortgagor, but from tbe registration of such deed of trust or mortgage” in tbe proper county. If, therefore, tbe defendant Croom was induced to believe tbat.there was a valid mortgage on tbe car, and acted upon tbat assumption of fact in making tbe alleged agreement with tbe plaintiff, when 'otherwise be would not have made tbe agreement at all, there was such a mistake of fact as prevented tbe assent of botb parties to tbe same, and there was consequently no contract. If be erroneously supposed tbat plaintiff’s mortgage bad been registered before tbe exchange was made with Kelly, so as to be a valid lien upon tbe car, and this caused him to abandon or give it up, or bis right *528 thereto, he would not be bound by the contract, as this would be a material mistake on his part and fatal to the agreement claimed by the plaintiff to have been made between them at Fayetteville. But we do not think that the evidence was in such a state as to warrant the instruction which was given by the court. The matter should have been left to the jury for them to find whether there was a mistake of fact as to the registration and validity of the mortgage upon which defendant acted. A mistake of fact takes place when some material fact, which really exists, is unknown, or some essential fact is supposed to exist which really does not exist. 27 Cyc., 809. The parties do not agree in their testimony, exactly, as to what was said at the time of the alleged agreement. Plaintiff testified that he had merely stated that he had a mortgage on the car, and that nothing more, in that regard, was said, while defendant testified that he told the Eam-saurs that if Freeman sent a man with a mortgage they thought to be good they should let him have the car, and he said to Freeman that he could have the car if he would send some one for it with the mortgage. What did all this mean? If it meant that' Croom was to see the mortgage so as to determine whether or not it was good or a prior lien, no title passed to the plaintiff until the mortgage was sent for his inspection and examined by him; or if it meant that Croom acted under a mistake of fact as to the validity of the mortgage, assuming from what Freeman had said to him that it was valid and a prior lien, when it was not, the same result would follow. There were other phases of the evidence, but they need not be discussed here. In' passing upon the question, the jury may- consider what Freeman meant by saying that he had a mortgage, or what impression he intended to make upon Croom, and whether Croom, having paid Kelly $150 in cash, which in all probability would be lost to him if he surrendered the car, and having turned over to him the Overland car, would have made the alleged contract with Freeman without knowing whether the mortgage was good against his claim, or without having the mortgage produced; and they may also consider any other fact or circumstance, on either side, which tends to show what the real understanding • of the parties was, and, generally, they should consider the language and conduct of the parties and the nature of the transaction throughout in order to arrive at a just and cqrrect conclusion. There was error in the instruction given to the jury, which entitles plaintiff to another hearing. New trial.